The electric machine and the control system determine the performance of the electric vehicle drivetrain. Unlike rare-earth magnet machines such as permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs), synchronous reluctance machines(SynRMs) are manufactured without permanent magnets. This allows them to be used as an alternative to rare-earth magnet machines. However, one of the main drawbacks of this machine is its high torque ripple, which generates significant acoustic noise. The most typical method for reducing this torque ripple is to employ an optimized structural design or a customized control technique. The objective of this paper is the use of a control approach to minimize the torque ripple effects issue in the SynRM. This work is performed in two steps: Initially, the reference current calculation bloc is modified to reduce the torque ripple of the machine. A method for calculating the optimal reference currents based on the stator joule loss is proposed. The proposed method is compared to two methods used in the literature, the FOC and MTPA methods. A comparative study between the three methods based on the torque ripple rate shows that the proposed method allows a significant reduction in the torque ripple. The second contribution to the minimization of the torque ripple is to propose a sliding mode control. This control suffers from the phenomenon of “Chattering” which affects the torque ripple. To solve this problem, a second-order sliding mode control is proposed. A comparative study between the different approaches shows that the second-order sliding mode provides the lowest torque ripple rate of the machine.

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Robots play important roles in day to day activities of human endeavour and can perform complex tasks speedily and accurately. Robots are employed to imitate human behaviours and then apply these behaviours to the skills that lead to achieving a certain task in solving the challenges faced by impaired people in society. This robotic arm was achieved using lightweight steel iron for the frames, a moderate torque MG995 Towerpro, and servo motor. Two Atmega328 Arduino microcontroller was employed to control the motors through the use of pulse width modulation technique. Mathematical models were developed for the mechanism to represent the kinematics involved at each joint with mathematical variables. Then, the stability of the system was carried out using a step input signal being a type zero system.