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The aim of ecosystem-based management (EBM) is to maintain an ecosystem in a healthy, productive and resilient condition through the implementation of policies and management measures. Although cross-sectoral planning may be led by a planning competent authority, it is up to the sector competent authority to implement the necessary management measures within their operations to achieve EBM goals and objectives. We suggest that scientific impediments to EBM are no longer significant to implement EBM operationally. Instead, we consider that approaching EBM within current policy cycle approaches would provide the necessary policymaking process step to operationalize EBM. In addition to enabling and facilitating collaboration, exchange, understanding as promoted by EBM, policymaking processes also require that policy is to be implemented through programs, measures, procedures and controls that have expected outcomes to “carry into effect” the policy objective. We are of the view that moving EBM from planning and objective setting to operational implementation is a management problem solving issues instead of a scientific one.

Traditional kelp farming methods require a high amount of labor and are limited in geographic distribution – occurring mainly in nearshore, sheltered sites. To address growing global demand for sustainable biomass, the continued expansion of kelp cultivation will most likely have to move further offshore. Although many offshore cultivation trials have been done over the last 50 years, few were sufficiently robust to be viable in exposed and deep-water areas. In the North Atlantic Ocean, a Faroese company developed and tested a structural farm design that has survived in open-ocean conditions since 2010. The durable structure has withstood harsh weather events common in the Faroe Islands and thereby presents a potential strategy and method for moving kelp farming further offshore. This paper describes the primary challenges of offshore kelp farming and provides an overview of work previously done. Ultimately, the improved productivity, system survivability and scalability the MacroAlgal Cultivation Rig (Faroe Islands) and the BioArchitecture Lab cultivation grid (Chile) represent state-of-the-art and powerfully transformative strategies to pursue large-scale offshore farming to support mass production of kelp in the near future.

 Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.  You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain  You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

Phlorotannins are bioactive polyphenols in brown macroalgae that make these algae interesting as healthy food. Specific phlorotannins are, however, seldom identified, and extracts from different species are often only analysed for total phenolic content (TPC). In this study, our focus was to identify phlorotannin molecules from Saccharina latissima and Ascophyllum nodosum (a species rich in these compounds) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS2). Water and ethanol (30 and 80% v/v) were used at solid:liquid ratios, extraction times and temperatures, proposed to result in high TPC in extracts from other species. The S. latissima extracts, however, did not allow phlorotannin detection by either UHPLC-UV/Vis or UHPLC-HRMS2, despite a TPC response by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, pinpointing a problem with interference by non-phenolic compounds. Purification by solid phase extraction (SPE) led to purer, more concentrated fractions and identification of four phlorotannin species in A. nodosum and one in S. latissima by UHPLC-HRMS2, using extracts in ethanol 80% v/v at a solid:liquid ratio of 1:10 for 20 h at 25 °C with an added 10 h at 65 °C incubation of remaining solids. The phlorotannin with the formula C12H10O7 (corresponding to bifuhalol) is the first identified in S. latissima.