Background Oral semaglutide is the first oral glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist for glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is commonly associated with renal impairment, restricting treatment options. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment. Methods This randomised, double-blind, phase 3a trial was undertaken at 88 sites in eight countries. Patients aged 18 years and older, with type 2 diabetes, an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30-59 mL/min per 1•73 m², and who had been receiving a stable dose of metformin or sulfonylurea, or both, or basal insulin with or without metformin for the past 90 days were eligible. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) by use of an interactive web-response system, with stratification by glucose-lowering medication and renal function, to receive oral semaglutide (dose escalated to 14 mg once daily) or matching placebo for 26 weeks, in addition to background medication. Participants and site staff were masked to assignment. Two efficacy-related estimands were defined: treatment policy (regardless of treatment discontinuation or rescue medication) and trial product (on treatment without rescue medication) in all participants randomly assigned. Endpoints were change from baseline to week 26 in HbA1c (primary endpoint) and bodyweight (confirmatory secondary endpoint), assessed in all participants with sufficient data. Safety was assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of study drug. This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02827708, and the European Clinical Trials Registry, number EudraCT 2015-005326-19, and is now complete.

Both national and international bodies recommend an increased intake of fruits and vegetables in order to decrease the risk of overweight and obesity. However, there is a rationale to investigate the separate role of fruits. The aim of this paper was to systematically review and analyse published human intervention, prospective observational and cross-sectional studies on fruit intake and body weight in adults. We identified three intervention, eight prospective observational and five cross-sectional studies that explored this relationship. Two of the intervention studies showed that fruit intake reduced body weight, five of the prospective observational studies showed that fruit consumption reduced the risk of developing overweight and obesity, and four of the cross-sectional studies found an inverse association between fruit intake and body weight. Important methodological differences and limitations in the studies make it difficult to compare results. However, the majority of the evidence points towards a possible inverse association between fruit intake and overweight. Future intervention and prospective observational studies examining the direct and independent role of fruit in body-weight management in free-living individuals are needed. Moreover, important determinants such as energy density, energy content, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical form of fruit and preparation methods need to be included in future studies.

l-Arabinose inhibits sucrase activity from Caco-2 cells; 4% l-arabinose in sucrose beverages reduces postprandial glucose, insulin, and C-peptide responses and enhances the GLP-1 response in humans without gastrointestinal adverse effects. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00302302.

In food databases, the specific contents of vitamin D 3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 in food have been implemented in the last 10 years. No consensus has yet been established on the relative activity between the components. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the relative activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 compared to vitamin D 3 . The design was a parallel study in pigs (n 24), which from an age of 12 weeks until slaughter 11 weeks later were fed approximately 55 mg vitamin D/d, as vitamin D 3 , in a mixture of vitamin D 3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 , or 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 . The end-points measured were plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 , and in the liver and loin the content of vitamin D 3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 . Vitamin D 3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 in the feed did not affect 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 in the plasma, liver or loin differently, while a significant effect was shown on vitamin D 3 in the liver and loin (P,0·001). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 in the plasma, liver and loin significantly correlates with the sum of vitamin D 3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 in the feed (P,0·05). Therefore, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 should be regarded as having the same activity as vitamin D 3 in food databases. Sole use of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 as a vitamin D source in pig feed will produce liver and meat with a negligible content of vitamin D 3 , while an increased content of vitamin D 3 in the feed will produce liver and meat with increased content of both vitamin D 3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 .25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 : Vitamin D 3 : Pig feed: Activity: Status Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of bone fracture due to osteoporosis and decreases muscle strength. Recent investigations show a relationship between vitamin D deficiency and other afflictions such as cancer, reduced immune defence and CVD 1 -3 . During the summer period, the primary source of vitamin D for man exposed to sunlight is the metabolism of 7-dehydrocholesterol to pre-vitamin D 3 in the skin by UV B radiation (290-315 nm), whereas vitamin D in food is the secondary source. In winter oral intake of vitamin D may be the primary source, as absorption through the skin is limited at latitudes above 358, e.g. for 4 months in Boston, USA (428N) and for 6 months in Bergen, Norway (618N) 4 . Similarly, oral intake of vitamin D is the primary source all year round for people not exposed to sunlight due to confinement indoors or clothing.Estimation of dietary intake of vitamin D is essential for investigating the influence of vitamin D on health parameters in a population as well as in human intervention studies. Such calculations are based on dietary intake data from dietary surveys combined with the content of nutrients available in food composition tables. Until 10-15 years ago vitamin D data in food composition tables was mainly derived from biological assays, which used the ability of vitamin D to cure rickets in vitamin D-deficient rats 5,6 . For the last 10 years, food composition tables have included specific values for vitamin D 3 (vitD 3 ) a...