The purpose of the research is to reveal international practices, criminal law protection and the system of punishments for environmental crimes in the field of environmental protection. Main content. The paper uses a comparative method to study the criminal environmental protection international practices of some European Union countries, in particular Spain, Germany and Austria. In addition, the study of model criminal law standards of the EU made it possible to evaluate them as a factor that leads to the unification and universalization of the criminal legislation of the EU countries in the field of environmental protection, harmonization of criminal law and related sectors. Methodology: Research of materials and methods based on the analysis of documentary sources and regulatory legal acts of foreign countries. The dialectical method of cognizing the social reality facts is the basis on which the formal legal and rather-legal approaches are largely based. Conclusions. The absence of developed unified approaches to its unification and practical application in the countries of Europe and Asia has been established. Attention is focused on the attempt of individual countries (the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Lithuania) to determine the criteria for the correlation of main and additional punishments, to establish criteria for the equivalent application of sanctions related to isolation and without isolation, and also to expand the boundaries of judicial review in the field of setting the degree and type of measures of criminal liability, depending on the factual and legal circumstances of the criminal case.

This article focuses on the criminal law characteristics of transnational crime, which has an extremely negative impact on the economic and social spheres of modern society in many countries. The provisions of international regulations on the definition of transnational crime and the reality of implementation of international agreements signed and ratified by Ukraine in terms of implementation in national criminal law of liability for crimes with transnational links have been thoroughly studied. In particular, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Agreement between Ukraine and the European Police Office on Operational and Strategic Cooperation and other international regulations on cooperation of member states in combating transnational crime were studied. The statistical data of the General Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine are analyzed, which indicate the negative dynamics of the state of organized crime, which has increased over the last five years. The article presents official statistics, according to which in 2016 the share of organized crime amounted to 0.02% of the total number of crimes committed; in 2017 – 0.04%; in 2018 – 0.06%, in 2019 – 0.07%, in 2020 – 0.1% – which indicates an increase in the level of organized crime in general. An analysis of international regulations signed or ratified by Ukraine on the definition of transnational crime is carried out. The dispositions of the norms of the criminal legislation on detection of signs of crimes with transnational connections are analyzed. Crimes with signs of transnational crime have been identified under national legislation and the legislation of some foreign countries, on the basis of which their comparative characteristics have been made. It is established that some foreign countries also regulate the possibility of applying exemptions from criminal liability for similar criminal offenses under the domestic law on criminal liability. In particular, the norms of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova, the Republic of Turkmenistan, the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Armenia are analyzed. The article identifies a list of crimes that may have signs of transnational crime. It has been established that the largest number of crimes that may have the characteristics of transnational crime are acts related to drug trafficking, human trafficking, smuggling, economic crimes, arms trafficking, smuggling and other closely related crimes. with border crossing and international criminal relations. On this basis, it is proposed to set out the disposition of Part 2 of Art. 201 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provides for liability for smuggling, taking into account the new qualifier for the commission of this act by criminal groups with transnational ties. In addition, the problem of the lack of definition of transnational crime at the legislative level in Ukraine, which prompts further research in this area, has been identified.

The article deals with the issues of formation, development and legislative registration of the Institute for the classification of crimes. Scientific and legislative classification of crimes, rules of formal logic as a basis for differentiation of criminal offenses and individualization of criminal responsibility and punishment are investigated. The term “crime classification” has been interpreted, the principles and functions of classification have been defined. The definition of the classification criterion, the content of public danger in the doctrine of criminal law, for which there is a large number of scientific views, is given. The criteria of public danger as a material sign of a crime are defined. According to Article 12 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, depending on the severity of the crime, the crimes are divided into crimes of low gravity, moderate, serious and especially serious. The legislative classification of crimes was made taking into account the type of punishment (fine and imprisonment), as well as the amount of punishment. Crime classification is inextricably linked to the principles of formal logic and the laws of dialectics. The analysis of the theoretical provisions of the classification of crimes shows that the current legislative definition of crimes of small gravity, medium gravity, grave and especially grave, - is constructed with the non-observance of some basic rules of formal logic concerning the necessity of using in one classification the same grounds and grounds . It should also be noted that the neglect of the typical sanction by the legislator as the sole classification criterion has led to the emergence of an additional formal criterion in the form of a fine, which in itself contradicts the generally accepted doctrinal provisions for constructing the classification.

ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ ЗА НЕЗАКОННИЙ ОБІГ ЗБРОЇ В УКРАЇНІ ЗА КРИМІНАЛЬНИМ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВОМ ЗАРУБІЖНИХ КРАЇН. Порівняльно-правовий аналіз кримінального законодавства зарубіжних країн завжди викликав інтерес у вітчизняних дослідників, оскільки надавав можливість вивчити різні підходи до розуміння ряду категорій та інститутів кримінального права іноземних держав, що найчастіше є передумовою для їхнього використання з метою подальшого удосконалення українського кримінального законодавства. Варто визнати, що в ряді іноземних держав питанню, пов'язаному з незаконним обігом зброї на законодавчому рівні надається більшого значення, ніж у КК України.Незаконний обіг зброї у світі є багатоаспектною проблемою. Він включає в себе незаконне виготовлення зброї, її контрабандне переміщення через національні кордони, нелегальну торгівлю зброєю. Останнє вже тривалий час є частиною нелегального бізнесу організованої злочинності різних країн. Кількість злочинів із застосуванням різноманітних видів зброї зростає поряд із розповсюдженням предметів озброєння у світі.Як і будь-який механізм, що розробляється, а потім втілюється і працює у суспільстві, система норм, що регулює обіг зброї на території України не є досконалою і має певні недоліки. Одним із таких недоліків є відсутність належної нормативно-правової бази, що регулює обіг зброї на території країни. Необхідність посилення протидії злочинності, з незаконним обігом зброї, удосконалення з цією метою законодавства обумовлює необхідність в розробці відповідних заходів щодо протидії незаконному поводженню зі зброєю, з'ясування сутності кримінальноправових відносин. Для створення певних заходів, необхідно звернути увагу на досвід різних країн з цього питання, розглянути кримінально-правову характеристику норм, що встановлюють відповідальність за незаконні дії, пов'язані з використанням, придбанням, зберіганням, носінням зброї, бойових припасів тощо за законодавством різних держав.Боротьба з нелегальним розповсюдженням вогнепальної зброї індивідуального використання є достатньо складним завданням, тим більше, в умовах військового конфлікту на території будь-якої держави. Це пояснюється тим, що незаконною торгівлею зброєю займаються не тільки транснаціональні злочинні угруповання, в операціях з нелегального обігу зброї активну участь беруть державні органи, що діють під прикриттям.Успіх протидії незаконному обігу зброї в багатьох випадках залежить від правового режиму використання тих предметів озброєння, що перебувають у цивільному обігу, ступеня до їх доступу для населення, а також організації контролю над ними.Ключові слова: кримінальна відповідальність, зброя, незаконний обіг, вибухова речовина, боєприпаси, володіння зброєю, зберігання зброї, торгівля зброєю, виробництво зброї, передача зброї.

This article is aimed at studying issues related to the reform of legal education in Ukraine, taking into account the legal regulation of this area of state activity. Since 2004, since the adoption of the national program of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the legislation of the European Union, a process has begun to bring the provisions of national legislation into European standards in order for Ukraine to meet the third Copenhagen and Madrid criteria for membership in the European Union. One of the areas of implementation of this Program is legal reform in Ukraine, which affects the formation of common approaches to creating a regulatory framework for training qualified professionals and creating appropriate conditions for the institutional, scientific and educational process of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation. In addition, the ways of implementing the National Strategy for the Development of Education in Ukraine until 2021 and the National Doctrine of Education Development need special attention. Many domestic scholars have paid attention to the issue of legal education reform in different years. However, this area is becoming increasingly important due to the development of society as a whole and the growing demand for the legal profession, which is reflected in quantitative indicators. Thus, according to the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, in 2021, in the ranking of specialties by the number of applications, the specialty «Law» takes second place. In 2021, 68,124 applications were submitted for this specialty. As a result of the study, the problematic issues related to bringing the regulatory framework to a single model, which must meet both European standards and the Constitution of Ukraine, were identified. Given the demand for legal education, both in Ukraine and abroad, its regulation should be paid attention in the first place.