An unjustified simplification of the local quantitative criterion regarding cleavage nucleation is a key problem in the utilisation of the Local Approach to Fracture (LA), particularly to predict the fracture toughness within the ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) region. The theoretical concept of the effect of both temperature and the plastic strain value on the crack nuclei (CN) generation rate in iron and ferritic steels is presented. It is shown how the plastic strain and temperature affect CN formation rate and, as a consequence, govern the shape of the temperature dependence of fracture toughness KJc and its scatter limits. Within the framework of the microscopic model proposed, dependences of the CN bulk density on the plastic deformation value and temperature are predicted. Convenient approximation dependences for incorporating this effect into the LA are suggested. The experimental data of reactor pressure vessel steel and cast manganese steel demonstrate that the use of these dependences enables one to predict, with sufficient accuracy, the effect of temperature on the value of fracture toughness and its scatter limits over the DBT region. It is shown that accounting for both the temperature and strain dependence of CN bulk density gives rise to the invariance of parameters of the Weibull distribution to temperature.
The study presents the effect of cell wall ductility and toughness on the compressive behaviour of closed-cell Al foams under static and dynamic loading and localised deformation by indentation. Two kinds of Al alloys including relatively ductile AlSiMg alloy and high-strength AlZnMg alloy, which comprises a great amount of brittle eutectic domains, were used as matrix materials. Both kinds of Al foams were fabricated via newly developed melt processing using the CaCO3-foaming agent without Ca additive. Mechanical behaviour of Al foams under quasi-static compression and indentation was examined and compared with that performed under dynamic loading using direct impact tests. Characteristic events revealed in deformation patterns of Al foams at quasi-static compression were also monitored with the CCD camera. Significant differences in stress-strain response and strain rate sensitivity of Al foams arose from the difference in the microstructure, and hence, ductility and toughness of the cell wall material were investigated and discussed.
The paper emphasizes harmonized recommendations for mechanical tests of highly-porous aluminium and aluminium foam to be applicable for analysing their compression response under quasi-static loading as well as determining reliable and reproducible results essentially required for practice problems of engineering design. Key mechanical parameters are designated and specified by considering distinctive features of deformation patterns indicative of porous aluminium and aluminium foam with a cellular structure. Special attention is paid to the problem related to inhomogeneous deformation of the above-mentioned materials, resulting in variation of quasi-elastic structural stiffness as well as shape and length of plateau regime of the stress-strain curve. Application of the harmonized recommendations is demonstrated with using several kinds of foam aluminium fabricated in line with different processing route. Using the above recommendation, significant effect of processing additives on micromechanism of deformation and, in turn, on macroCorresponding author: Oleksandra Viktorivna Zatsarna E-mail: alexsandra.ku@gmail.com Key words: porous metals, metallic foams, compression test, quasi-static loading.В роботі висвітлено новітні унормовані рекомендації стосовно механічних випробувань високопоруватого та спіненого алюмінію, які є придатними для аналізу механічної поведінки цих матеріялів в умовах стиснення та отримання надійних та відтворюваних результатів, істотно необхідних для вирішення задач інженерної практики. З урахуванням особливостей деформаційних кривих, притаманних комірчастій структурі високопору-ватого та спіненого алюмінію, надано відомості щодо визначення їхніх ключових механічних характеристик. Особливу увагу приділено неодно-рідному характеру деформації зазначених матеріялів, що спричиняє змі-ни у структурній цупкості, а також формі та довжині ділянки плато на кривій «напруження-деформація». Застосування унормованих рекомен-дацій було продемонстровано із застосуванням декількох видів спіненого алюмінію, виготовленого за різними технологічними процедурами. З урахуванням висвітлених рекомендацій зареєстровано істотний вплив технологічних додатків на мікромеханізм деформації та, як наслідок, на механічну поведінку спіненого алюмінію в цілому, що пояснюється за-брудненням матеріялу стінок між комірками сторонніми продуктами ре-акцій.Ключові слова: пористі метали, металеві піни, випробування на стиск, квазистатичне навантаження.В работе приведены современные рекомендации для механических испы-таний высокопористого и вспененного алюминия, которые пригодны для анализа механического поведения этих материалов в условиях сжатия и получения надёжных и воспроизводимых результатов, необходимых для решения задач инженерной практики. С учётом особенностей деформаци-онных кривых, присущих ячеистой структуре высокопористого и вспе-ненного алюминия, представлены сведения относительно определения их ключевых механических характеристик. Особое внимание уделено неод-нородному характеру деформации указанных материалов, что ...
The complexity of calibration procedure for determination of Weibull distribution parameters as well as necessity to perform FEM calculations is one of the shortcomings of conventional versions of Local Approach (LA). This report presents an attempt to ascertain interrelation between local and global characteristics of fracture of pre-cracked and notched specimens of reactor pressure vessel steels, high-strength steels etc. Criterion of cleavage fracture initiation ahead of a crack (notch) is formulated. Dimensionless parameter characterizing the effect of embrittlement by the crack or notch is proposed on the basis of this criterion. Based on the findings of low-temperature tests of pre-cracked or notched specimens of structural steels, it is proved that this parameter may be determined by both local and global characteristics.
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