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Abstract-An accurate and efficient direct optimization technique for the design of contoured beam reflectarrays is presented. It is based on the spectral domain method of moments assuming local periodicity and minimax optimization. Contrary to the conventional phase-only optimization techniques, the geometrical parameters of the array elements are directly optimized to fulfill the contoured beam requirements, thus maintaining a direct relation between optimization goals and optimization variables, and hence resulting in more optimal designs. Both co-and cross-polar radiation patterns of the reflectarray can be optimized for multiple frequencies, polarizations, and feed illuminations. Several contoured beam reflectarrays, that radiate a high-gain beam on a European coverage, have been designed and compared to similar designs obtained using the phase-only optimization technique. The comparisons show that the designs obtained using the proposed direct optimization technique are superior in performance, both for multi-frequency and dual-polarization designs. A reflectarray breadboard has been manufactured and measured at the DTU-ESA Spherical Near-Field Antenna Test Facility to validate the proposed technique. An excellent agreement of the simulated and measured patterns is obtained.

Abstract-The microwave imaging system currently being developed at the Technical University of Denmark is described and its performance tested on simulated data. The system uses an iterative Newton-based imaging algorithm for reconstructing the images in conjunction with an efficient method-of-moments solution of the associated forward scattering problem. A cylindrical multistatic antenna setup with 32 horizontally oriented antennas is used for collecting the data. It has been found that formulating the imaging algorithm in terms of the logarithm of the amplitude and the unwrapped phase of the measured signals improves its performance when compared to the more commonly used complex phasor formulation. This improvement is illustrated by imaging a simulated hemispherical breast model using both formulations. In addition to this, the importance of using the correct position and orientation of the antennas in the measurement system is shown by imaging the same breast model using a measurement setup in which the antennas are vertically oriented.Index Terms-Biomedical imaging, cancer, electromagnetic scattering inverse problems, microwave imaging, nonlinear equations.

A shared aperture antenna for simultaneous operation at L-(1525 to 1661 MHz) and Ka-band (19.7 to 20.2 GHz and 29.5 to 30.0 GHz) is demonstrated. This stacked antenna consists of a Ka-band reflectarray antenna with a frequency selective surface (FSS) ground-plane above an L-band patch array antenna. The reflectarray is based on the concentric dual split-loop element backed by a concentric dual-loop FSS element. The reflectarray comprises 80 80 elements and it is printed on a cm Rogers 5880 substrate, while the L-band antenna is a 2 2 patch array. The reflectarray antenna has been manufactured at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and measured at the DTU-ESA Spherical Near-Field Antenna Test Facility. The reflectarray provides a maximum directivity of 36.4 and 38.5 dBi at 20.0 and 29.8 GHz, respectively, and an aperture illumination efficiency in the two frequency bands up to 57% and 48%, respectively. There is very little degradation in the L-band patch array performance due to the reflectarray, and it provides a minimum directivity of 11.8 dBi over the L-band. Index Terms-Concentric dual split-loop element, frequency selective surface (FSS)-backed reflectarray, shared aperture antenna.

Abstract-Three novel electrically small antenna configurations radiating a TE 10 spherical mode corresponding to a magnetic dipole are presented and investigated: multiarm spherical helix (MSH) antenna, spherical split ring resonator (S-SRR) antenna, and spherical split ring (SSR) antenna. All three antennas are self-resonant, with the input resistance tuned to 50 ohms by an excitation curved dipole/monopole. A prototype of the SSR antenna has been fabricated and measured, yielding results that are consistent with the numerical simulations. Radiation quality factors (Q) of these electrically small antennas (in all cases ka < 0.26) approach the limit of 3.0 times the Chu lower bound for a given antenna size, which is in line with a theoretical prediction made by Wheeler in 1958.