Electric charging processes have a large effect on the behavior of aerosols: spreading in space and precipitation. The aerosols are effectively charged by ionizing radiation, acting on the particles and the surrounding atmosphere. The sources of irradiation could be external or internal (situations when the particles themselves are radioactive are possible). In the latter cases, charging of a and 13-active aerosols is of greatest interest; charging by means of"/-decay is insignificant. The statistics of the charging of 13-active aerosols is discussed in [1].Our objective in this paper is to calculate the distribution functions of the electric charges of a-active particles in a bipolar atmosphere by the method of detailed balance of the charge states of particles [1]. The main feature is that under conditions of a-decay of the constituent nuclei of the aerosol material -40 secondary electrons emanate from micron-size particles [2], and as a result a particle acquires a positive charge. For this reason, in contrast to the case of t3-active particles. multiple charge transfers between charge states must be included in the analysis.We shall consider a quite rarefied aerodtspersed system, in which collisions of aerosol particles (and corresponding charge exchange) can be neglected. The charge on the aerosol particles can change as a result of absorption of electrons or ions from the atmosphere as well as emission of a-particles and secondary electrons.The interaction of the particles can only be mediated through the common ionic atmosphere, and for this reason the charge distribution over particles in different size fractions do not depend on one another. Let the system contain N particles with radius r. Let Nk(t ) be the number of particles which at time t have electric charge ek. k = 0, + 1, +2 ..... where e ~s +~ an elementary electric charge. At any time the relation ~ Nk(t ) = N, which follows from the conservation of the number k=-~ of particles is satisfied.We introduce the probability of a change in the charge state of a particle per unit time as WkJ, where ke is the charge of the particle before the change and je is the charge in the charge as a result of a single recharging act.If the state of the particles with charge k is represented graphically by nodes on an axis, then the process of charge exchange can be associated with a diagram (see Fig. 1).It is pertinent here to introduce the concept of a current along the axis of charge states. Consider an arbitrary section between neighboring states (for example, k--1 and k). Then the current of states through this section is ~'k-~. k = oo = Y~ ~ (Wlk-! Nk-l --WkkJ-t +INk -1 +t)" In the stationary state this current is equal to zero. For the case of fixed (with respect l=l i=l to the number of charges) emission of electrons (for example, one-electron emission) the equation ~b k_t.k = 0 gives a unique relation between N k and Nkd. In the case of the statistics of charges emerging from an aerosol particle in the process of decomposition, not only the closest neighb...

Electric charging of particles is a characteristic process occurring in aerodispersed systems under both external radioactive irradiation self-irradiation. Intensive investigations of this process started only in the 1970s-1980s. We call attention first to the works [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], which were concerned primarily with the investigation of the charging of hot particles. These works established that radioactive aerosols are unipolarly (positively) charged due to secondary-electron emission accompanying tx and/3-decay on particles. Thus one or two electrons emerge from a 1-/.tm in diameter particle in a single /~ decay and up to 40 secondary electrons are emitted in a single ot decay. Charging of radioactive aerosols is now under intensive study in the USA, Germany, Great Britain, and Japan. The most important theoretical results were obtained in [6], where the system of kinetic equations governing the charging for low particle activities were solved by means of computer modeling and the results agreed with the experimental data.It is significant that charging of aerosols leads not only to interaction of the particles with the electric field and a change in the efficiency of precipitation or particle confinement but also to higher diffusion mobility [8]. Obviously, that a knowledge of the characteristics of aerosol charging is important not only for determining aerosol precipitation on different surfaces but also for more efficient operation of the equipment used for purification of radioactive fluxes, in application, in particular, to accidents at nuclear power plants.Our objective in the present paper is to derive analytic formulas for the distribution of electric charge over/3-active particles in a bipolar atmosphere. Before proceeding to the calculation, we give a brief exposition of the extension of the method of detailed balance to stationary aerosol-charging processes.Method for Calculating the Distribution of Charge over Particles. Consider a quite rarefied aerodispersed system, in which collisions of aerosol particles (and the corresponding charge exchange) can be neglected. The charge on the aerosol particles can change as a result of absorption of electrons or ions from the atmosphere as well as the emission of charged particles. One particle can affect another only indirectly, through the general ionic atmosphere, and for this reason the distributions of charge over particles in different size fractions are independent of one another. Let the system contain N particles with radius R. Let nk(t) be the number of particles which at time t have electric charge ek, k = 0, +_ 1, +~ _+2 ..... where e is the elementary electric charge. At any time t the relation ,=~nk(t) = N, which follows from particle number conservation, must be satisfied. If we now introduce the probability wkJ of a change in the charge state of a particle per unit time, where ke is the particle charge before the change and je is the change in the charge as a result of a single charge exchange act, then the general form of the kinetic ...

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The goal is to study the aggression of children of senior preschool age with the subsequent possibility of its correction by means of fairy-tale therapy. The authors prove that the level of aggression in older preschoolers can be reduced by corrective cycles using fairy-tale therapy. In their research, the authors consider the possibilities of fairy-tale discourse as an interdisciplinary method of psychological correction of aggressive behavior in older preschool children.