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The combined use of cannabis and tobacco is frequent in Europe. Few studies have nonetheless explored this pattern of consumption and its relationship with academic achievement in Spanish population. The aim of the present study was to analyze (1) the frequency of four patterns of polydrug use the last year (non-dual users of cannabis and tobacco; concurrent users: cannabis and tobacco separately; simultaneous users: tobacco in cannabis “joints”; simultaneous users: tobacco in cannabis joints alongside alcohol) by gender and age; (2) grade point average (GPA) by gender and age; (3) the association between the frequency of the four patterns of use and the GPA amongst a sample of 477 Spanish university students. The use of cannabis and tobacco (concurrent and simultaneous) and GPA were assessed by means of self-reported questionnaires. Statistically significant differences were found for the GPA with respect to gender. The GPA by the non-dual users of cannabis and tobacco was significantly higher than the GPA corresponding to the concurrent and simultaneous users. The combined use of cannabis and tobacco, regardless of the type of use (concurrent or simultaneous), is moderately related to poor academic achievement amongst university students.

Background/Objective: Determining the predictive variables associated with levels of alcohol craving can ease the identification of patients who can benefit from treatments. This study aimed to describe changes (improvement or no change/deterioration) in alcohol craving levels and explore the predictors of these changes from admission to discharge in outpatients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) undergoing treatment-as-usual (TAU), or treatment-as-usual supplemented with virtual reality cue-exposure therapy (TAU + VR-CET). Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted amongst 42 outpatients with AUD (n = 15 TAU + VR-CET and n = 27 TAU) from a clinical setting. Changes in the levels of alcohol craving between admission and discharge were assessed with the Multidimensional Alcohol Craving Scale. Sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, education, and socioeconomic and civil status), cognitive-affective behavioral patterns (AUD severity, abstinence duration, psychiatric comorbidity, state anxiety, attentional bias, and substance use), and type of treatment (TAU + VR-CET and only TAU) were also evaluated. Results: The TAU + VR-CET group showed greater changes of improvement in the levels of alcohol craving than the TAU group (χ2 = 10.996; p = 0.001). Intragroup changes in alcohol craving from pre to post-treatment were significant in the TAU + VR-CET group (χ2 = 13.818; p = 0.003) but not within the TAU group (χ2 = 2.349; p = 0.503). The odds of an improvement in any of the craving levels between pre- and post-test was 18.18 (1/0.055) times higher in the TAU + VR-CET group with respect to the TAU group. The use of illicit drugs in the month prior to the test increased the odds of having a positive change by 18.18 (1/0.055) with respect to not having consumed. Conclusions: Including VR-CET in TAU programs may provide benefits in the treatment of AUDs mainly among patients with intense alcohol craving and individuals having used illicit substances prior to treatment.

Resumen: Este estudio presenta como objetivos: 1) estudiar el consumo de drogas, la conducta prosocial y la resolución de problemas en función del sexo y la edad, y 2) analizar la asociación de la conducta prosocial y las habilidades de resolución de problemas con el consumo de drogas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con un diseño transversal. La muestra se compuso de 567 escolares de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (48.14% chicos) con edades entre 14 y 17 años (M = 14.92; DT = .90). Se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el consumo de alcohol y conducta prosocial en función del sexo, así como en el consumo de alcohol y cannabis en función de la edad. Cuando se controló el efecto de la edad y el sexo dentro de los modelos de regresión, la variable que mejor predijo el consumo de alcohol y cannabis fue la conducta prosocial. Los resultados de este estudio resaltan la importancia de promover conductas prosociales como factor de protección del consumo de alcohol y cannabis en la etapa adolescente. Palabras clave: adolescencia; consumo de drogas; conducta prosocial; resolución de problemas.Title: Relationship of the prosocial behaviour, the problem-solving skills and the use of drugs amongst adolescents. Abstract: The objectives of the present study are the following ones: 1) to study the use of drugs, the prosocial behaviour and the problem-solving skills with respect to age and gender, and 2) to analyze the association of both the prosocial behaviour and the problem-solving skills with the use of drugs. An descriptive cross-sectional study was performed, amongst a sample of 567 students in Spanish Compulsory Secondary Education (48.14% males) with an age range from 14 to 17 years (M = 14.92; SD = .90). Statistically significant differences were found concerning alcohol use and the prosocial behaviour with respect to gender, as well as concerning alcohol and cannabis use with respect to age. When we controlled the effect of age and sex in the regression models, the variable that best predicted alcohol and cannabis use was prosocial behavior. The results from this study enhance the importance of tailored interventions based on the promotion of prosocial behaviours as fundamental protective factor for substances use such as alcohol and cannabis amongst adolescents. Key words: adolescence; drug use; prosocial behaviour; problem solving. 1* AntecedentesLa mayor parte de los estudios recientes sobre el consumo de drogas en la etapa adolescente se centran en los factores de riesgo como las conductas de tipo antisocial (Brindas, Rodríguez, López-Cepero, Rodríguez y Estrada, 2012; Contreras, Molina y Cano, 2012; López y Rodríguez-Arias, 2012; Torregrosa, Inglés, García-Fernández, Gázquez, Díaz y Bermejo, 2012). La evidencia empírica sobre estas conductas de riesgo es más consistente que en el caso de los factores de protección del consumo de drogas como son la conducta prosocial y las estrategias de resolución de problemas (Fang, Barnes-Ceeny y Schinke, 2011; López y Rodríguez-Arias, 2010; Triplett y...