HIV-1 infection is enhanced by adhesive structures that form between infected and uninfected T cells called virological synapses (VSs). This mode of transmission results in the frequent co-transmission of multiple copies of HIV-1 across the VS, which can reduce sensitivity to antiretroviral drugs. Studying HIV-1 infection of humanized mice, we measured the frequency of co-transmission and the spatiotemporal organization of infected cells as indicators of cell-to-cell transmission in vivo. When inoculating mice with cells co-infected with two viral genotypes, we observed high levels of co-transmission to target cells. Additionally, micro-anatomical clustering of viral genotypes within lymphoid tissue indicates that viral spread is driven by local processes and not a diffuse viral cloud. Intravital splenic imaging reveals that anchored HIV-infected cells induce arrest of interacting, uninfected CD4(+) T cells to form Env-dependent cell-cell conjugates. These findings suggest that HIV-1 spread between immune cells can be anatomically localized into infectious clusters.
La violencia escolar es un tema muy complejo e interesante, debido a que ha permeado a la sociedad a través de la historia de la escolaridad. Se diseñó una estrategia para prevenir futuros desencuentros en los niños y niñas del grado quinto del colegio Marco Antonio Franco Rodríguez de Villavicencio, Colombia. Para la investigación se utilizó una metodología de tipo mixta, cualitativo y cuantitativo, se recolectó la información a través de una entrevista y una encuesta dirigidas a los estudiantes, mostrando como resultados que la problemática que más se repite es la burla en clase, el robo de cosas y agresiones físicas en el salón. Se puede concluir que la mediación es una oportunidad de cambio sin que haya perdedores, e invita a fomentar el diálogo y la escucha.
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