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This paper presents the history of the formation of the Research Department of the Experimental Medicine of the Research Center of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov. The department is the only division of the academy that conducts experiments on animal models and field tests using laboratory animals in the interests of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The paper also presents the main scientific achievements and development prospects of one of the three laboratories of the department Research Laboratory of Medicinal and Environmental Toxicology. In the direction of drug toxicology, the laboratory staff worked for 15 years in cooperation with the Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Pushchino) on the problems of perfluorocarbon-based blood substitutes. The results of the study helped deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of the physiological activity of perfluorocarbon emulsions and the expansion of the areas of clinical application of perftoran. The ecotoxicological direction of scientific research is represented by two large-scale cycles of scientific studies. The first was devoted to the medical support of oil refining to increase the protection of personnel who have been professionally exposed to toxic chemicals from the damage caused by chemical accidents. The second area of environmental research, which has been significantly updated in recent years, is devoted to the study of remote environmental and biomedical consequences of the use of chemical weapons by the US Army in the period from 1966 to 1972 in Vietnam. In recent years, the laboratory has focused on problems related to the search and development of new radiation countermeasure agents including biotechnological products and their compositions. Studies are also being conducted to improve the complex therapy of patients with sepsis, in which methods of extracorporeal blood purification are used in the treatment. These works are relevant for military and civilian health care and are performed in cooperation with the departments of the academy and several leading research organizations in St. Petersburg.

Cellular therapy of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome is currently at the forefront of scientific interest due to the high regenerative potential of stem cells, their anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Stem cells have a high ability to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. It has been shown that after administration stem cells are able to migrate to lesions under the influence of chemotactic factors. At the same time, they retain their functions and can differentiate into cells of affected tissues and contribute to their recovery. The article analyzes the current trends in the use of cellular products for the treatment of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. The processes of cell proliferation and differentiation in the blood system are regulated by feedback mechanisms. This occurs in accordance with signals coming from more differentiated pools, as well as signals from other organs and tissues. They come along the nervous and humoral pathways. The hematopoietic microenvironment created by fibroblasts, macrophages, endotheliocytes, lymphocytes and other cells is play an important role in these processes. The influence of this microenvironment can be carried out both through direct contacts between cells and through the production of regulators (cytokines). At present cellular technologies are one of the most promising areas for the treatment of acute radiation syndrome along with the use of cytokines. Cell therapy of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome has advantages over the use of cytokines and growth factors. It does not require a basic level of stem and progenitor cells, which are the main target for the cytokine effect. The presented data testify that cell therapy has been a promising approach in treatment of radiation injury of bone marrow caused by high doses of radiation exposure.