The article analyzes the results of an empirical study of the causes of destructive motivation of personnel in Russian commercial organizations. The study was conducted by questioning two hundred employees of commercial organizations in Moscow. The purpose of the research is to reveal the opinion of employees on the causes of destructive motivation of personnel and measures for their elimination. The empirical study revealed the influence of organizational factors on the existence of destructive personnel motivation in organizations, such as: labor organization; remuneration system, benefits and career management; control over the activities of employees; group communications and organizational culture. The study revealed the impact of personal characteristics of employees on destructive motivation. In the course of the survey, the degree of influence of various groups of reasons on the demotivation of employees in the studied commercial organizations was revealed, as well as on the micro-political motivation of employees. In the course of the questionnaire, assessments of the main forms of destructive behavior were obtained, which allowed for developing more detailed recommendations for limiting this negative phenomenon. The practical significance of the research is the results of an analysis of various factors of the internal environment of the organization and the personal characteristics of employees that are significant for the formation of destructive motivation of employees of Russian companies in a transitional economy.

Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA1933, cultured in modified MRS (de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe) broth without peptone (animal-free [AF]-MRS), produced subtilosin A at levels similar to, or even higher, than when cultured in MRS broth with peptone. AF-MRS medium contained 2.5 % (w/v) Martone or 2.5 % (w/v) cottonseed hydrolysate instead of peptone and 0.25 % (w/v) bacteriological grade yeast extract instead of normal yeast extract. An increase in cell numbers, accompanied by an increase in subtilosin activity, was recorded when cells were grown in AF-MRS supplemented with 0.4 % (w/v) K 2 HPO 4 and 0.02 % (w/v) MgSO 4 . Subtilosin production increased from 30 arbitrary units (AU) mL −1 in a static culture to 320 AU mL −1 when cells were agitated on an orbital shaker at 300 rpm. A further increase in subtilosin production, from 150 AU mL −1 to 240 AU mL −1 , was recorded when cells were cultured in AF-MRS supplemented with 2.0 % (w/v) amylopectin or 2.0 % (w/v) maltodextrin. Slightly higher cell densities were recorded in the presence of maltodextrin. Two colony types, one with a flat (Btypical^), sprawling morphology and the other elevated (Batypical^), were isolated from cells grown in AF-MRS broth. Higher subtilosin levels (213 AU mL −1 ) were recorded from cells grown in AF-MRS broth supplemented with MgSO 4 as compared to cells grown in the absence of MgSO 4 (150 AU mL −1 ).

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In this paper we on the basis of expert interview method generalize and analyze real social practices of Russian scientific journals linked to the realization of copyright allocation when publishing scientific articles. It was found that conclusion of written copyright agreement is performed only in exceptional cases and there are three types of such cases. The analysis of copyright allocation between an author and a journal showed the dependence of the allocation on the journal's policy. As a rule, practically all the property rights, except for the right for author's copy, are passed to journal. We also analyze the conditions for allocation of journal's issues in the Internet. We have established that policy of Russian journals often includes granting of open access to articles. Main types of violations committed by Russian authors in respect of journals are generalized. The authors of the paper come to the conclusion that despite the fact the legislative framework concerning turnover and protection of intellectual property in the Russian Federation is by and large formed, the everyday practice in this area demonstrates significant stagnation in implementation of legally set standards. The realization of copyright in the sphere of publication of scientific articles in Russian journals in everyday practice is mainly regulated by the system of informal standards. Among them there are still the standards applied in the Soviet times.