A model is presented on nuclear sodium alumina phosphate (NAP) glass aqueous corrosion accounting for dissolution of radioactive glass and formation of corrosion products surface layer on the glass contacting ground water of a disposal environment. Modelling is used to process available experimental data demonstrating the generic inhibiting role of corrosion products on the NAP glass surface.

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The following models and codes for technological stages of CNFC are being developed in the frames of “Proryv” project • Mathematical models of technological processes describing physical and chemical, gas/hydrodynamic, kinetic and phase processes occurring in apparatus. The models are focused on reasoning the range of technical parameters under normal, transitional and abnormal modes and on reasoning and optimization of mass-dimensional characteristics of the equipment and calculation of separate units lifetime; • KOD TP code is intended for real-time simulation of the operation of technological schemes in order to define the functionality, controllability and to optimize the technology including control systems and simulation of accidents; • Kinematic model of processing lines is intended for virtual definition of commutated workability both separate processes, nodes and facilities and processing lines in all. Starting, transitional, stationary modes are considered as 4D-models taking into account kinematic and technological features and restrictions. Developing models and codes are currently used when technologies for closing stages of CNFC are designed (preparing initial data for equipment design and construction). Calculation models allow to detect collisions on early stages and to correct technological, design and engineering documentation; to perform polyvariant calculations to define the efficiency of separate nodes and the scheme in whole; to reason technical and design solutions and to evaluate the fission and nuclear materials during all the stages of the technological process including the in-process one. Currently the integrated system of models and codes is being developed for consistent simulation of heterogeneous processes and phenomena that are required to consider under calculating maintaining and reasoning the safety of CNFC technologies. The integrated system includes the existing and newly developed models and codes intended to describe technologic processes and apparatus, nuclear and radiation safety, ignition criteria, combustion, construction and engineering system behavior under critical loading and so on. The use of modern computational systems allows to perform associate calculations with date exchange between different codes from simple engineering to CFD- codes and to provide the solution of the complex problem of CNFC technology simulation.

The GRACIOUS Framework (www.h2020gracious.eu) supports the grouping of nanomaterials to streamline hazard testing of nanomaterials.  The GRACIOUS Framework includes a template to generate grouping hypotheses based upon use and life cycle stage (to inform exposure route), physicochemical properties (what they are), fate or toxicokinetics (where they go) and hazard (what they do). The gathering of evidence to test these hypotheses was supported by tailored Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATAs). Subsequent NMBP-16 projects have developed the hypothesis template further for multicomponent nanomaterials. Modifications include additional information requirements to accommodate the complexity of composition (what they are) and enhanced properties, with an aim to incorporate the relationship of these to the mechanism of hazard.   Furthermore, the template considers potential for the components to dissociate, disintegrate or dissolve, with different kinetics, leading to a complex exposure scenario both in lung lining fluid and inside cells. This knowledge informs the hazard assessment (whether hazard is driven by the intact multicomponent nanomaterial or various components) and whether interactions between the components may lead to antagonism, synergism or potentiation of response.  Hazard assessment outcome can then inform Safe-by-Design modifications. The template has been adapted to formulate clear questions needed to test all aspects of the hypothesis, with these questions being used to formulate the IATA.  Case studies of different multicomponent nanomaterials are being used to inform the design process, and demonstrate its usefulness. Funding acknowledgement European Commission Horizon 2020 for GRACIOUS, SUNSHINE, HARMLESS and DIAGONAL, Grant Agreement No. 760840, 952924, 953183 953152 respectively.