Introduction: Endometriosis is defined as a chronic gynecological disease characterized by endometrial tissue outside the uterus. The condition affects 5-10% of women of reproductive age worldwide and is associated with pelvic pain and infertility. Despite its prevalence, diagnosis is usually delayed for many years which postpones the introduction of appropriate treatment. Aim of the study: Summary of the current state of knowledge on endometriosis, analyzing the pathogenesis, the current diagnostic approach, highlighting the problem of fertility in this disease entity and presenting treatment options. Methods and materials: A review of the literaturę available in the PubMed database and GoogleScholar from the last 5years was conducted,using the following keywords: endometriosis”, „endometriosis pathogenesis”, „endometriosis diagnosis”, „infertility in endometriosis”, „endometriosis treatment” Results: Among the etiological factors mentioned are congenital, environmental, epigenetic, autoimmune and allergic factors. The main theory for the formation of the condition is retrograde menstruation through the fallopian tubes into the peritoneal cavity and implantation of endometrial cells. Laparoscopy is nowadays the gold standard for diagnosis, but less invasive methods that can shorten the time to diagnosis are being sought. Current treatment is limited to surgery, hormonal treatment and analgesics which are associated with many side effects. Conclusion: Endometriosis is the cause of infertility, chronic pain and reduced quality of life in many women. Non-invasive diagnostic tests such as imaging studies, genetic tests, biomarkers or miRNAs have diagnostic potential but more analysis is needed to be applied in daily clinical work. Future research should focus on learning and understanding the pathogenesis, identifying subtypes of the disease, and a modern approach to diagnosis and comprehensive treatment taking into account concomitant general symptoms.

Introduction and purpose: Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA syndrome) is the most common periodic fever condition in child age. Discussed syndrome is generally a self-limited condition, but it can significantly decrease the quality of child’s life. It can be also challenge for parents, as well as medical professionals. Knowledge of the syndrome is very important among many specialists because early detection is the basis of the correct differentia and proper treatment. Many researches has been made to explain the genetic and immunologic elements which play a significant role in the pathogenesis of PFAPA, but it is not fully undestood. This review will focus on current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of PFAPA, as well as surgical and conservative treatment strategies. Material and methods: This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database and published between 2013 and 2022. The study was conducted by reviewing key words as follows: "PFAPA","treatment", "diagnosis","tonsillectomy". Results: The diagnosis of PFAPA syndrome consists of a typical clinical presentation, but sometimes diagnosis of this syndrome can be problematic. Some clinical criteria can be useful. We have vary of treatment arms depends on clinical targets. Depite that PFAPA is self limiting syndrome which can dissappear in later years of children’s life.   Conclusions: PFAPA syndrom is rare disease, but is very important to put emphasis on knowledge about it. Early diagnosis of this syndrome can make physicians send patient to specialized ward, and it will be possible to start proper and efficient treatment. It is a question of the future that we will get more patophysiologic knowledge about this disease.

Introduction: Nutritional yeast are a food product that can be fortified with valuable components. They are a product suitable for introducing into the diet of vegan children due to their friendly form, good taste and relatively low cost. Aim of the study: Summarize current knowledge on the benefits of introducing nutritional yeast into children's diets as supplementation for deficiencies in a vegan diet. Demonstrate the positive impact of the product on the health of the body. Methods and materials: : A review of the literature available in the PubMed database and Google Scholar, the following keywords were used: "nutritional yeast", "vegan diet in children", "nutritional yeast impact on health". Results: Introducing nutritional yeast into the diet of a child restricting animal products has measurable benefits. It reduces the risk of deficiencies such as deficiency of vitamin B12, zinc, protein and the following disease symptoms. Conclusion: The constantly growing number of infants and older children on vegan diets is a challenge for modern pediatrics, but also an opportunity to find new products that meet the high nutritional requirements of children during the developmental period. Nutritional yeast can be considered such a product thanks to their richness in nutrients that meat products contain but are not found in plant based foods. Nutritional yeast, however, cannot be a reason to completely abandon other sources of vitamin B12 supplementation.

Introduction: The health-promoting effects of green tea have been known since ancient times. Nowadays it is oneof the most consumed beverages in the world. The main bioactive components of green tea are the catechins:epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate. They have a number ofhealth-promoting properties.Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to compile the health benefits of drinking green tea.Methods and materials: A review of the literature available in the PubMed database and Google Scholar, thefollowing keywords were used: "green tea", “catechins", "health benefits".Results: Consumption of green tea carries a number of health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant andneuroprotective effects. Due to its potential for preventing many diseases and supporting cognitive function,regular consumption of green tea may have a positive effect on both physical and mental health.Conclusion: Studies on the effects of green tea on the human body have shown that it can be an important dietaryfactor in preventing and supporting the treatment of various diseases, such as inflammation, diabetes, obesity,neurological diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. By affecting crucial cellular processes, it prevents theformation, growth and progression of cancer. In addition, the catechins in green tea also play an important role inpreventing and treating infections. Daily consumption of adequate amounts of green tea inhibits brain aging byactivating nerve cells and reducing stress. When consumed regularly, green tea can support the body's efforts tomaintain health and prevent disease.

Introduction: SGLT-2 inhibitors having selectivity to sodium glucose cotransporter 2 were introduced on the market in 2012 as drugs for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes.Aim of the work: To summarize the current state of knowledge about the drugs: SGLT-2 inhibitors and their mechanism of action and application in cardiology.Materials and Methods: A review of the literature available in PubMed and Google Scholar database was conducted.Results: In addition to glucosuria, the diuretic effect is caused by natriuresis. A study was conducted, after which it was deduced that the natriuretic effect of empagliflozin did not depend on the degree of renal dysfunction, and was exacerbated under the influence of loop diuretics.SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce cardiac preload. Flozins also lead to a reduction in afterload.The DAPA-HF study of 4744 patients with HF, taking 10 mg of dapagliflozin or placebo. The primary outcome of the study, was data in the form of death from cardiovascular causes or exacerbation of heart failure. These accounted for 16.3% in the flozin group compared to 21.2% in the control group. Adverse events were rare. Dapagliflozin was effective in 55% of subjects, in both patients and non-diabetics with type 2 diabetes.EMPEROR-REDUCED studied the effect of taking 10 mg of emagliflozin or placebo in 3730 patients. Flozin reduced the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalizations. Fewer deaths from any cause were also observed.Summary: Both studies highlighted significant benefits of SGLT-2 inhibitors- they reduced the risk of death from any cause and from cardiovascular causes. The therapeutic benefits, regardless of the degree of renal dysfunction, the synergy with other drugs in heart failure, and the low number of serious side effects, led to the inclusion of flozins in the latest ESC 2021 guidelines for therapy in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, regardless of the presence of diabetes.