Background Weather and climate disasters are responsible for over 13,000 USA deaths, worsened morbidity, and $1.7 trillion additional costs over the last 40 years with profound racial disparities. This project empirically generated items for a novel survey instrument of household hazard vulnerability with initial construct validation while addressing racial data bias. Methods Cognitive interviewing methodology was completed with transdisciplinary disaster expert panelists (n=20) from diverse USA regions on 60 unique hazard, disaster, or event items. Interview video recordings were qualitatively analyzed using thematic and pattern coding. Results A cognitive process mapped to themes of disaster characteristics, resources, individual life facet, and felt effect was revealed. 379 unique instances of linked terms as synonyms, co-occurring, compounding, or cascading events were identified. Potential for racial data bias was elucidated. Analysis of radiation exposure, trauma, criminal acts of intent items revealed participants may not interpret survey items with these terms as intended. Discussion The findings indicate the potential for racial data bias relative to water dam failure, evacuation, external flood, suspicious package/substance, and transportation failure. Hazard terms that were not interpreted as intended require further revision in the validation process of individual or household disaster vulnerability assessments. Conclusion Several commonalities in the cognitive process and mapping of disaster terms may be utilized in disaster and climate change research aimed at the individual and household unit of analysis. Keywords: racial bias; survey and questionnaire development; validation studies; disasters; environment and public health; hazard analysis