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onized nation of the Philippines (84). The racial classifications of the white oligarchy impacted how workers saw each other and themselves, influencing the kinds of struggles they waged (i.e., ethnic-specific labour associations) and their strategic thinking about how to unite against a common enemy. Thus, from the mid-1800s to the early 1940s, workers struggled among themselves over racial classifications like coolie, cheap labor, citizen, haole, and American, "defining what these categories meant and who belonged to them" (188). To unite together, workers of different ethnic groups needed to confront and overcome qualitatively different racial inequalities. According to Jung, during World War II and the immediate years preceding it, new "mobilizing structures" and "political opportunities" enabled workers to transform their thinking about race and class (107). In this period, workers took advantage of New Deal legislation and the coming of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to Hawaii. Longshoremen in the islands gained resources and new approaches to organizing from their contact with West Coast counterparts. Japanese Americans fought valiantly in World War II, shifting perception in the islands of their loyalty. The impact of these developments culminated in the 1946 strike. For Jung, the strike represented for workers a new understanding of racial justice as encompassing united worker power. In other words, workers defined the strike as not simply an economic struggle-i.e., a campaign for better wages and working conditions and union power-but as part of the historical struggle of workers in the islands against racial discrimination and for the rights of immigrants against a common oppressor. Can Jung's insights about the relationship of race and class be applied to other multiracial settings, beyond colonial Hawaii? Most definitely. However, the crucial starting point is for labour historians and social scientists-as well as labour and community organizers-to discard the predominant framework of "deracialization" and to understand that the making of a working class integrally involves racial justice.

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