Abstract. Diversity of evidence is widely claimed to be crucial for evidence amalgamation to have distinctive epistemic merits. Bayesian epistemologists capture this idea in the variety-of-evidence thesis: ceteris paribus, the strength of confirmation of a hypothesis by an evidential set increases with the diversity of the evidential elements in that set. Yet, formal exploration of this thesis has shown that it fails to be generally true. This article demonstrates that the thesis fails in even more circumstances than recent results would lead us to expect. Most importantly, it can fail whatever the chance that the evidential sources are unreliable. Our results hold for two types of degrees of variety: reliability independence and testable aspect independence. We conclude that the variety-of-evidence thesis can, at best, be interpreted as an exception-prone rule of thumb.
Belief, desire, and intention are central notions in mentality and agency. We provide conceptual and formal foundations for an ontology of those mental entities. In this framework, beliefs and desires have a dual face: dispositional and occurrent. As distinct from beliefs and desires, intentions are dispositions to actions that emerge from a decision process in which occurrent beliefs and occurrent desires interact. We also discuss how our theory can be extended to some major philosophical accounts of desires, and cognitive biases such as wishful thinking.
Le risque est une entité omniprésente dans le domaine biomédical. Une caractérisation ontologique cohérente du risque est donc nécessaire pour faciliter l'échange et le rassemblement des données informatiques du domaine biomédical à des fins cliniques et des fins de recherche à l'aide d'outils nommés « ontologies appliquées ». Nous analysons certaines définitions du risque et en tirons deux traits généraux que le risque partage avec les dispositions. Nous proposons par conséquent une définition du risque comme une disposition dont la réalisation est indésirable pour un agent. Cette définition permet de concilier la dimension objective et la dimension subjective du risque : un risque existe indépendamment de notre connaissance de celui-ci, mais le statut de risque d'une disposition pour un agent dépend des préférences de cet agent.
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