Advances in capabilities for the crush analysis of structures are presented. Such analyses are dicult to perform and require state-of-the-art analysis procedures: ecient and reliable shell elements, an eective and general contact algorithm, ecient procedures to calculate the element stresses in elasto-plasticity, the use of consistent tangent matrices, eective nonlinear incremental solution strategies and the ecient solution of the algebraic ®nite element equations. Moreover, the eectiveness of the complete analysis process can only be achieved by ensuring that each of the above solution procedures is in an eective manner integrated into a complete solution scheme. This paper focuses on the advances developed in ADINA and presents various analysis cases solved with the program. #

Abstract-The objective in this paper is to present some recent advances for the finite element analysis of automobile structures. These advances pertain to the development of effective basic finite element procedures and the efficient solution of large systems of equations. With these new procedures, it is possible to model much more accurately (and reliably) the actual nonlinear physical behavior of complex structures. The illustrative solutions given in the paper include the solution of a roof-crush problem that was solved appropriately, according to the actual physical situation, using implicit time integration (resulting practically in a static analysis). 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

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