Population explosion in urban settings usually exerts enormous pressure on existing water supply systems. The result is that overall water demand is usually not satisfied. This study evaluated the performance of Wadata sub-zone water distribution system with respect to pressure, velocity, hydraulic head loss and nodal demands using WaterCAD and Epanet. There was no statistical difference between the results of Epanet and WaterCAD, however, Epanet produced slightly higher results of pressure and velocity in about 60% of all cases examined. About 19 percent (18.52%) of the total number of nodes analyzed had negative pressures while 69 percent (69%) of the nodes had pressures less than the adopted pressure for the analysis. These negative pressures indicate that there is inadequate head within the distribution network for water conveyance to all the sections. About 88 percent (87.7%) of flow velocities in the pipes were within the adopted velocity while around 12 percent (12.3%) of the velocities exceeded the adopted velocity. These excess velocities are partly responsible for the leakages and pipe bursts observed at some points within the system. The results in this study revealed that the performance of the water distribution system of Wadata sub-zone under current demand is inefficient.

Monitoring and identifying sources of water contaminants necessitates research into hydro-chemical interactions and the health of groundwater resources. Sixty (n = 60) representative samples of groundwater in Makurdi metropolis were evaluated utilizing hydro-geochemical characterization and GIS methodologies. The region's groundwater quality was planned and monitored using a GIS-based water quality index (WQI). To identify the variance in hydro-geochemical facies and to understand the functional sources of chemical constituents, Piper trilinear and Gibbs diagrams were produced. The test results revealed that the groundwater is very alkaline in nature. For each measure, the majority of the samples fell within the desirable and maximum permissible ranges set by the Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). According to the Piper diagram, 86.67% of the samples are of the Na + -K + -HCO 3 2− type, indicating alkali carbonate, while 13.33% are of the Na + -K + -Cl − -SO 4 2− type, indicating salinity. In 100% of the samples, alkalis outnumber alkaline earth, and weak acid outnumbers strong acid in more than half (86.67%) of the groundwater samples. According to the water quality index (WQI), 93% of locations have excellent or good quality water, whereas 7% of sites have poor quality water. The permitted limits for TH, Na+, Cl, NO 3 and SO 4 2 are exceeded by the WQI values. The present investigation indicates signi cant dominance of agriculture and rock weathering capable of in uencing the groundwater chemistry in Makurdi metropolis. Anthropogenic activities which can result in groundwater quality deterioration should be curtailed to avoid widespread of groundwater pollution.