The liver is a metabolically active organ which is prone to oxidative damage. The hepatoprotective effect of Nigella sativa (black seed oil extract) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley albino rats was determined.There were four groups of eight rats; Group 1 (control) was administered with distilled water for 28 days, Group 2 was administered with 4 ml/kg of CCl 4 (70% olive oil: 30% CCl 4 ) on alternate days for 28 days. Group 3 was administered with 4 ml/kg of CCl 4 (70% olive oil: 30% CCl 4 ) and 2 ml/kg of Nigella sativa oil orally for 28 days.Group 4 was administered with 4 ml/kg of CCl 4 (70% Olive oil: 30% CCl 4 ) and 4 ml/kg of Nigella sativa oil orally for 28 days. Blood samples were collected for biochemical assessment. Liver, kidney, and brain tissues were determined for antioxidant enzymes and histopathological features. There were significant ameliorative effects of the oil extract in the treatment groups compared to control (p < .05). Practical applicationsNigella sativa (black seed oil) also known as Habbatus sauda has been used for therapeutic and nutritional purposes for decades due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. It is a potent brain tonic due to the presence of linoleic, palmitic, oleic, eicosapentanoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), hence, may enhance brain and heart functions. This research analysis carried out on the neurotransmitter (glutamate and GABA) levels showed a significant decrease at p < .05 in the group administered with CCl 4 alone, which was reversed significantly upon the administration of Nigella sativa oil. The histological features reported in the current study correlated with the biochemical parameters. The CCl 4 induced severe histological changes on the hepatic, renal, and brain tissues, which, was ameliorated by the Nigella sativa oil administration. The administration of Nigella sativa oil exerted a protective effect on the brain, liver, and kidney during CCl 4 -induced oxidative stress. K E Y W O R D Scarbon tetrachloride, hepatotoxicity, neuroprotection, neurotransmitter, Nigella sativa (black seed oil), oxidative stress, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ple to give a decrease in absorbance of about 0.02 abs/min, and the reaction was started by 5.0 μmol H 2 O 2. The same full reaction in the presence of 1.0 μmol sodium azide was the blank. Azide will completely inhibit catalase.

Plant-based products have been utilized for nutritional and medicinal purposes for decades. Although the reported benefits of <em>Carica papaya </em>(Pawpaw) leave extract, its role in hematology, brain histology, and the possible side effect are still areas of research deliberation. Thirty (30) male Sprague Dawley rats, divided into three groups, were fed on rat chow and normal saline, <em>Carica papaya </em>leaves extract and Ruzu bitters, respectively. Blood chemistry, hematology, and brain histology were assayed to ascertain their effects on brain structure and biochemical changes. White blood cells, hemoglobin, red blood cells, platelets, and packed cell volume were carefully evaluated. In the sub-chronic test, there were no significant changes in PCV (%) in the papaya extract and Ruzu bitters group, relative to the control. There was a significant increase in hemoglobin levels in the papaya and Ruzu bitters groups. <em>Carica papaya </em>leaves extract and Ruzu bitters significantly increased certain serum biochemistry parameters (<em>p </em>< 0.05), compared to the control group. Our study revealed that <em>C. papaya</em> leaves extract possess an immunomodulatory effect and did not show any detrimental effect on the brain histology, liver, and general well-being, unlike Ruzu bitters. The neuroprotective effect of the extract is apparent from the intact brain structure of treated rats compared to the other group, (<em>p </em>< 0.05). The hydro-ethanol leaf extract of <em>Carica papaya </em>possesses neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemolytic and immunomodulatory effects compared to the Ruzu bitters. However, both extracts’ long-term administration should be taken cautiously and further investigated.

Obesity is an excessive accumulation of fat which causes several health implications. It is a risk factor for most disabilities and non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. The present study aimed to show the effect of short and long-term supplementation of an enriched diet with different concentrations of omega-3 fatty acid on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and serum leptin ratio, adiposity and lipid profile in albino Wistar rats. Serum-leptin ratios and indicators such as lipid profile, feed consumption, and adiposity index were obtained to ascertain the effect of the enriched diet on health and wellness. Forty Wistar rats divided into four groups of ten were used, comprising of five males and females; Groups A, B, C and D. The group A, the control, was fed with rat chow and water alone. Groups B, C and D were fed with rat chow supplemented with 10%, 20% and 40% omega-3 fatty acid respectively. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with leptin significantly increased across the experimental groups in a concentration-dependent manner. Practical Applications: Omega-3-fatty acids, also called polyunsaturated fatty acids are well known for their cardioprotective properties. ALA, α-linoleic acid, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) have been collectively referred to as omega-3 fatty acids. ALA, an essential fatty acid, can be converted into EPA and DHA. These polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are obtained from fish-oil and other kinds of seafood. Dietary consumption is essential for a better blood lipid profile and reduced risk for cardiovascular disease. In the present study, supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids improved blood-lipid profile, increased HDL which are essential in preventing obesity. Equally reported here is that concentrations of serum-leptin and CSF were used to derive the leptin ratio. There was also a significant decrease in the adiposity index across the groups. The feed consumption and CSF leptin were given as r=-0.46 for the short term diet, while r=0.34 for the long term diet group. Data of the study indicate that omega-3 fatty acid enrichment had a diminishing effect on both adiposity and appetite, but enhanced the permeability of leptin through the blood-brain barrier in the Wistar rats. The relevance of this study is that omega-3-fatty acid food supplementation could aid in weight management and assist in the prevention and control of obesity.