Nigeria realizes the devastating effects of HIV/AIDS on its people, health, economic, and social progress fairly recently. This paper analyses descriptively the HIV epidemiology in Nigeria based on the sentinel surveillance system in place. Recently, it is estimated that about 3, 229, 757 people live with HIV in Nigeria and about 220, 393 new HIV infections occurred in 2013 and 210,031 died from AIDS related cases. People practicing low-risk sex are the driving force of HIV epidemic in Nigeria while the high risk groups involving female sex workers, men who have sex with men and injecting drug users contribute substantially to new infections. In conclusion, HIV prevalence among adults in Nigeria is relatively low (3.2%), yet Nigeria is an enormous country where HIV infection remains an issue that demands a systematic and highly tailored intervention.

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Background: Adiponectin plays key roles in regulating appetite and food intake. Altered circulating adiponectin levels have been observed in human eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge eating. In addition, an association between circulating adiponectin levels and human eating behaviour (EB) has been reported. Interestingly, a disturbance in eating behaviour is the defining characteristic of human eating disorders. However, it is unknown whether adiponectin is causally implicated in human EB. We therefore aimed to investigate the causal effect of adiponectin on EB. Results: Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis estimated the influence of blood adiponectin on EB by combining data on the association of adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) variants with adiponectin levels and with three EB factors involving disinhibition, restraint and hunger. Using inverse-variance weighted (IVW) regression method and other complementary MR techniques (weighted median regression, MR Egger and weighted modal regression), the MR analysis revealed a broadly consistent evidence that higher blood adiponectin concentration was significantly associated with increased EB factor disinhibition (beta coefficient for IVW regression [β IVW ], 3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10, 5.00) but non-significantly associated with increased EB factor restraint (β IVW , 0.17; 95% CI − 1.85, 2.18), and increased EB factor hunger (β IVW , 1.63; 95% CI − 0.75, 4.01). Conclusions: Overall, our findings indicate a causal role of adiponectin levels in eating disinhibition but not in eating restraint and hunger.

Background: Alcohol, a widely abused drug, is a general CNS depressant that is involved in an impaired neurological functioning in a dose-dependent manner and purportedly, in the development of adverse cognitive functions in humans. Objective: To assess crosss-sectionally whether alcohol consumption is associated with the risk of subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs). Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 1299 participants with diverse age groups, ethnicity and socioeconomic levels recruited from six public hospitals in three different states in the southwest Nigeria between March 2016 and April 2016 was done. Prevalence of subjective cognitive complaints by the level of alcohol intake was measured using standardized questionnaire. Factor analyses (explorative and confirmatory) were used to validate the cognitive complaint questionnaire while conditional multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between alcohol intake and SCCs. Results: After adjustment for age, marital status, level of education, ethnicity, smoking status and physical activity (basic adjustment), participants in the highest compared with the lowest quintile of alcohol intake had a significantly increased odds of SCCs (odds ratio [OR], 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-2.74; P for trend <0.001). Additional adjustment for body mass index, depression, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular diseases, insomnia, stress and family histories of diabetes and hypertension (multivariable adjustment), did not substantially affect this relationship (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.40-2.93; P for trend <0.001). When stratified by gender, results were similar and stronger for men in the basic (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.34-3.88, P for trend <0.001) and multivariable (OR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.37-4.47; P for trend <0.001) adjusted models but completely attenuated in the multivariable adjusted model for women (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.94-2.69; P for trend = 0.08). Conclusion: High intake of alcohol is associated with higher risk of SCCs in men. This relationship is independent of cardiovascular risk factors.