Cd1−xZnxS nanoparticles were grown on pre-cleaned glass substrates using microwave-assisted chemical bath deposition technique. Nanoparticles obtained by this method were smooth, uniform, good adherent, brownish yellow in color where the brightness of the yellow color nature decreases with increasing Zn2+ content. The elemental composition analysis confirmed that the nanoparticles comprise of Cd2+, Zn2+ and S2−. Scanning electron microscope images confirmed the surface uniformity of the Cd1−xZnxS nanoparticles devoid of any void, pinhole or cracks and covered the substrate well. The particle size also decreases with increasing Zn ion content. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates the hexagonal structure (002) without phase transition. The grain size decreases from 36.45 to 9.60 nm, dislocation density increases from 0.000745 to 0.01085 Line2/m2 and lattice parameter decreased from 6.868 to 6.155 nm with increasing Zn2+ content. The best transmittance of about 95% was achieved for x = 1.0. The nanoparticles showed reduction in the absorbance as Zn ion content increased. Four point probe revealed that the electrical resistivity increased from 1.51 × 1010 to while electrical conductivity decreases from 6.62 × 10−11 to with increasing Zn2+ content. The other electrical properties such as sheet resistance increased from 1.52 × 108 to , charge carrier mobility decreased from 0.777 to 0.0105 cm2/(V s) and charge carrier density increased from 1.06 × 1012 to 3.95 × 1012 cm−3.

One of the most reliable renewable energy source is the solar energy from the sun. However, most materials have been unable to meet their potentials as a good absorber layer in thin films. Most recently, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) have been identified as a good absorber layer, yet the same problem persists. In this study, we examined the depletion capacitance vis-a-vis the voltage and range of frequencies based on heterojunction types and structures. The modeled solar cell consisted three types of materials used as buffer layer (BL) (ZnO:Al (AZO), In2S3 (IS) and CH3NH3PbCl3 (PVKT)). The band gap model of n/n/p anisotype heterojunction for the three BLs were constructed from the obtained data of the simulated solar cells. The band offsets ∆EC and ∆EV in electron-volts at n/n for AZO, IS and PVKT are; 0.07071 and 0.18794, 0.09768 and 0.72367 and 0.67541 and 2.54541 respectively. Also, at n/p ∆EC and ∆EV for AZO, IS and PVKT are; 0.14251 and 1.93251, 0.49011 and 1.73011 and 0.34041 and 1.73920 respectively. Based on the trivial AC signal that was superimposed on the dc biased charges, AZO and IS shows an exponential response of the capacitance reliance on the voltage across the depletion region. The Capacitance spectroscopy of this solar cell showed that anisotype heterojunction may be manipulated to make use of the voltage reliance on junction capacitance when the need to electronically vary it arises.

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Electrical energy is possibly the most adaptable form of energy in modern economies, and it is thus inextricably related to human and economic progress. Its expansion has exceeded that of any other fuel, resulting in ever- increasing market share. This trend is projected to continue in the coming decades, pa rticularly among rural populations in developing nations who are beginning to climb t he "energy ladder" and get connected to power grids. As a result, electricity merits sp ecial attention in terms of its contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, as evid enced by the continued development of low-carbon power generation technology. Phyto-electricity is the process of generating or getting energy from green plants by using them as an electrolyte and inserting different metal plates in them to act as electrode in other to tap into the energy embedded in them and converting them to useful electric energy. Nowadays generating electricity from green plant has become very popular, but phyto-electric power generation has not been able to supply substantial energy to humans and this is due to the low electron in the plants used to generate electricity. In past research people have used trees to generate electricity. The phyto-electric power system works on same principle as the battery. In this design potato will be used as a source of power or as the green plant the battery which is filled with electrolytes, the more the electrolyte the higher the voltage that is readily available to be used, in other to be able to savor the power from the potato two dissimilar metals was used and the metals used were iron and zinc. After completing all of the paper design and analysis, the project was implemented, b uilt, and tested to guarantee that it functioned properly. Electricity was generated and it was used to power a LED, the total resistance of the wire is 1Ω, there is also voltage loss across each node. This project was a success, but more research still needs to be done. And this project is a prove that energy are available in our surroundings, they are just needed to be investigated and further researched and there are more areas of energy and technology development that are yet to be addressed that are various problems faced by man in his day to day activities