Shorelines and adjoining land remain an important site for the intensive interplay of socioeconomic development and natural processes. Unfortunately, the Lagos, Nigeria shoreline is always subjected to varied morphological changes in response to small (short term) and large-scale (long term) events as triggered by natural processes and human development. Thus, there is the need to accommodate these changes through a combination of the relative permanence of urban infrastructure and shoreline defense efforts. The study assesses the evolution of the Lagos coast over 20 years, with reliance on archived Google Earth imageries dated between 2001 and 2020 to estimate and visualize the magnitude of erosion and accretion along the Lagos coastline with a focus on sections extending from the east mole to Victoria Island end, which form part of the Eti-Osa Local Government Area (LGA). This was achieved using the Analyzing Moving Boundaries Using R (AMBUR) software package, an R programming language add-in. Over the 20-year period, the Lagos shoreline cumulatively records a mean rate of change of + 0.93 m/year, mean erosion rate of − 1.94 m/year, and mean accretion rate of + 4.84 m/year. Focusing on Victoria Island where shoreline change is observed to be the highest, a mean shoreline change rate of + 6.24 m/year, depicting accretion activities is observed. Victoria Island also recorded a mean erosion rate of − 5.2 m/year and a mean accretion rate of 81.99 m/year. The high accretion rate and positive mean rate of change for Victoria Island and the entire Lagos coast results from land reclamation activities undertaken within the period of study. Further analysis of temporally segmented data into pre-reclamation, reclamation, and post-reclamation periods at Victoria Island reveals that eastward of Victoria Island is an active and unabated erosional activity resulting in disappearing beaches and urban developmental structures during the post-reclamation period. A post-reclamation period overall mean rate of − 4.73 m/year, with maximum erosion rate of 51.25 m/year are recorded for Victoria Island over a pre-reclamation period overall mean rate of − 1.41 and a maximum erosion rate of − 11.8 m/year. Therefore, an appropriate land use and land cover management plan needs to be adopted along the Lagos shoreline region, especially for Victoria Island.

The drastic vegetation loss of about 22% in 12 years across agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in Nigeria, which can be attributed to the impact of climate and anthropogenic activities on vegetation dynamics within the context of socio-economics, calls for concern. In this study, remotely sensed data from the European Space Agency Land Use/Land Cover dataset, TAMSAT rainfall data, and MODIS NDVI dataset were used to examine changes in vegetation dynamics and monitor vegetation health in the AEZs based on the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The study showed that vegetation cover has been decreasing tremendously at an alarming rate in most of the zones, while different drivers (change agents) have been responsible for the losses. The analysis shows that, between 2003 and 2018, the forestland cover gained 9,768.88 km2 and lost 40,891.6 km2, with a total net decrease of 31,122.73 km2. Contribution to the net change in forestland is usually converted to wetland, urban, cropland and grassland, across the varied ecosystem. The need for up to-date and accurate land-cover information is key to developing an appropriate mitigation strategy within the context of socio-economic sustainability across AEZs in Nigeria.

Abstract. Flooding is the most common of all environmental hazards with vast devastating effect due to enormous losses to lives and properties world-wide, annually. Thus, the effect of extreme flooding is dramatic, not only at the individual household level, but in the country as a whole. This study focuses on flood risk assessment based on urban and coastal flood estimation due to the physical peculiarity of the Lagos region and her urbanization characteristics. It involves creating a flood change detection using GIS approach with the aid of a Cellular Automation Framework to simulate flooding in Lagos Metropolitan area, mapping out the flood prone areas and generating a flood vulnerability map for flood management and planning purposes. At twenty minutes intervals the discharge distribution for the different flow regimes (Low, Medium and Extreme) display flow duration between 60–120 min while the time of concentration is attained at 1 h 20 min (80 min).

Railway transport is a primary asset to trade, industry and commerce development of nations hat demand among others, a safe transit and optimal maintenance. Track performance remains an important index towards measuring track degradation. Thus, in this study the rail track geometry model was adopted to analyze the quality of Iddo-Mushin rail corridor towards safe rail transport system. Geometric parameters of interest include vertical irregularities, horizontal irregularities, crosslevel, twist and track gauge. The parameters were calculated from a 3-dimensional data collected using Tachymetric Surveying approach covering Mushin, Yaba, Ebute-Meta and Iddo terminus. It should be noted that despite the high standard used as regards to the design and construction of the Iddo-Mushin rail track facilities, several derailments have occurred over time due to rail geometry deformation with high probability incidents along the Iddo-Ebute-Meta corridor. It was also discovered that the Iddo-Mushin axis can only permit average train speed of about 80 km/h, using the Polish Railway Synthetic Coefficient for safe rail transportation system. The synthetic assessment approach is simple and facilitate a continuous measurement of geometric parameters along railway track. Proper maintenance and upgrade of the rail track system mechanisms to support the incremental trasport demand and services as a result of socioeconomic growth and development of Lagos mega city, is therefore suggested.