Man, gorilla, and chimpanzee likely shared an ancestor in whom the fine genetic organization of chromosomes was similar to that of present man. A comparative analysis of high-resolution chromosomes from orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and man suggests that 18 or 23 pairs of chromosomes of modern man are virtually identical to those of our "common hominoid ancestor", with the remaining pairs slightly different. From this lineage, gorilla separated fist, and three major chromosomal rearrangements presumably occurred in a progenitor of chimpanzee and man before the final divergence of these tow species. A precursor of the hominoid ancestor and orangutan is also assumed.

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In this paper, the skew constacyclic codes over finite non-chain ring [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] is an odd prime and [Formula: see text], are studied. We show that the Gray image of a skew [Formula: see text]-constacyclic code of length [Formula: see text] over [Formula: see text] is a skew quasi-twisted code of length [Formula: see text] over [Formula: see text] of index 3. Further, the structural properties of skew constacyclic codes over [Formula: see text] are obtained by the decomposition method.

In this paper, we study (1 + 2u + 2v)-constacyclic and skew (1 + 2u + 2v)-constacyclic codes over the ring Z 4 + uZ 4 + vZ 4 + uvZ 4 where u 2 = v 2 = 0, uv = vu. We define some new Gray maps and show that the Gray images of (1 + 2u + 2v)-constacyclic and skew (1 + 2u + 2v)-constacyclic codes are cyclic, quasi-cyclic and permutation equivalent to quasi-cyclic codes over Z 4. Further, we determine the structure of (1 + 2u + 2v)-constacyclic codes of odd length n.

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