This paper aspires to examine the environmental effects of financial market development (FMD), foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade openness on the CO 2 emissions per capita along with the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in six East Asian countries from 1991-2014. For this purpose, spatial econometrics is applied to consider the spillover effects from neighboring countries. The results of the study corroborate the spillover effects from neighboring countries' CO 2 emissions per capita, FMD, FDI, and trade openness, and the EKC hypothesis is proven true in this region. Local FDI inflows, trade openness, and energy intensity are found to be responsible for local environmental degradation. Local FMD has an insignificant environmental effect, but neighboring countries' FMD has contributed to the local CO 2 emissions per capita. Further, positive (negative) environmental spillover effects are found from neighboring countries' FDI (trade openness).

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The purpose of this paper is to identify the relationships of debt finance and inventory management with firm economic value of energy industry in Saudi Arabia, from 2012 to 2019. The sample comprises of 32 firm-year observations throughout the 8 years' time frame until 2019. Pearson's correlation, Pooled OLS Regression are used in this study. The findings of this study indicate to a negative association between debt finance and firm economic value. Furthermore, a positive association is reported between inventory management and firm economic value. The results of this study are important for energy industry in Saudi Arabia in making decisions related to debt financing. In addition, energy industry can use the results of this study in controlling their inventory practices. Further, the results of this study can be used in future research to gain a deeper understanding of the issues of debt finance, inventory management and firm economic value.

The focus of this study is to examine the impact of board of directors’ size and meetings on the audit committee meeting frequency among energy, materials and food and beverages sectors listed on Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul) for the period 2015-2017. The final sample of this study consists of 198 firm-year observations. Using the Pooled OLS regression, this study finds that board meeting is positively associated with audit committee meeting frequency. Furthermore, this study fails to report an association between board size and audit committee meeting frequency. This study provides insightful evidence to policy makers on the determinants influencing the audit committee meeting frequency among manufacturing companies.