Kinetic parameters of [2-14C]malonate uptake by the human erythrocyte membrane have been determined as Km, 24 mM and turnover number, 5 X 10(4) s-1. The translocation of this organic dianion is concentration, pH and temperature dependent. Competitive inhibition of malonate uptake by eosin and inorganic anions, strongly implies that a common route exists for both inorganic anions and organic dianions, namely the anion-exchange Band 3 protein. 14C-Malonate which is nonmetabolized in the erythrocyte, could be a useful probe for monitoring anion-exchange in reconstituted Band 3 systems.

The penetration of D-[ 14 C] glucose into human red blood cells (RBCs) features kinetic parameters which are readily distinguishable from passive permeation. It would be expected to require activation energy above 80 kJ/mol for permeation of glucose with five hydroxyls capable of forming hydrogen bonds, but the measured activation energy is approximately 16 kJ/mol. As a consequence, glucose permeates RBC membrane about five orders of magnitude faster than would be expected for passive permeation. Glucose transporter protein 1, or GLUT1 and SGLT1, present in all human tissues, but especially in RBCs. It is also anchored in the protective sheet of flat cells that line up the blood vessels of the brain. GLUT1 has a strong affinity for glucose and it ensures that both RBCs and the brain receive appropriate levels of glucose that they need to be able to function. The brain consumes ~120g of glucose per day; the blood glucose level in a typical person 80mg/100ml. The binding site of glucose faces intracellular and extracellular of the membrane alternately when it is loaded by a glucose. The transport is accomplished by conformational changes within GLUT1 , and not by rotation of the whole single long polypeptide chain (55kD, ~500 residues) with the presence of 12 trans membrane αhelices segments. The super family of related GLUT sugar transporters comprises 14 identified isoforms in the human genome, all adopting a 12-membrane-spanning domain structure that delineate 6 extracellular loops .The erythrocyte glucose transporter GLUT1 has an ~10-fold-lower affinity for D-glucose, K m ≈ 10-15 mM, at the inside face for net export than on the outside (K m = 1-2 mM) for net import of glucose (zero-trans net flux) at 24°C , pertaining a liganded consequential asymmetric transporter.

Organizational Culture is the set of shared values, beliefs and norms that influence the way employees think, feel and behave in the workplace. An organization's culture can have a pivotal impact on organizational management performance. This paper analyses the concept of organization's culture in manufacturing environment during the second Palestinian uprising (September 2000 – November 2004) against Israeli occupation. Israeli Defense Force (IDF) erected 648 check points that restrict Palestinians interlinks and the movement of their goods for security reasons. Palestinian economy was therefore in recession and businesses were feeling the pinch of reduced revenues. This empirical study draws upon a survey of 32 ISO 9000 certified manufacturing companies, which were asked to complete a questionnaire that focused on the means of encompassing aspects of organizational culture to guide employees' actions into emphasis on teamwork and sociality to foster loyalty and sense of tradition for business survival. This study has found that organizational clan (collaborate) culture type distinguishes the unique status of Palestinian organizations and in effect it places a premium on cohesion of teamwork participation and consensus. Clan culture has been effectively compatible with Palestinian organizational strategic objectives; it showed a strong source of motivation and behavioural control towards collective ends in economic crisis.

The human brain that serves as a center of the nervous system is structurally unique. It is extraordinarily complex and highly specialized in its distinct heterogeneous anatomical regions as its function remains a great challenge. The neuron is the functional unit that depends on special anatomical and chemical connections with other units of the system. The essential biochemical connections of the nerve cell have special morphological features: synaptic contact that is mediated by chemical molecules ensures sequential propagation of neurotransmission of electrical pulses through units of the system. The chemical energy expended in maintaining the distribution gradients of cations across cellular membranes, and the chemical neurotransmission causes an alteration in cation distribution. The energy utilization mechanisms that underlie cations redistribution are not peculiar to the nervous system, but they are of particular importance to neural function because the mechanisms of chemical transmission are peculiar to the nervous system. Human nerve cells have the ability to generate electrical impulses that can travel through the body without a significant loss of impulse strength. Such unique features are based on semi-permeable excitable membranes that alter permeation to small chemical molecules and to cations. The biochemical function of the brain is demonstrated in the efficient production of energy required to accomplish the processes mentioned above, and it is essentially ATP that is stored and produced from glucose oxidation to carbon dioxide and water. The brain has virtually no reserves of chemical energy (glucose 1-2 µmoles/g and ATP 3 µmoles/g) to function for minutes only, considering that this organ is 2% of total adult weight that consumes 20% of the whole body glucose through a constant blood supply. Yet, the various factors that regulate glucose uptake and its utilization in the central nervous system are not well understood. This review is an attempt to update the rapidly expanding information on human brain neurotransmission biochemistry, though the adaptive processes of learning; cognitive performance and memory in the brain have subtle relationships.

In many respects, the most remarkable chemical substances within the genome of eukaryotic cells are remarkable proteins which are the critical structural and functional units of living cells. The specifications for everything that goes in the cell are natural digital-to-digital decoding process in an archive sequence by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and an articulate construction by ribonucleic acid (RNA). The products of DNA transcription are long polymers of ribonucleotides rather than deoxyribonucleotides and are termed ribonucleic acids. Certain deoxyribonucleotide sequences, or genes, give rise to transfer RNA (tRNA) and other ribosomal RNA (rRNA) when transcribed. The ribonucleotide sequences fold extensively and rRNA is associated with specific proteins to yield the essential cell components, ribosomes. Transcription of other special sequences yields messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that contain ribonucleotide sequences that will be ultimately translated into new types of amino acid sequences of functional cellular protein molecules. This switch to a different variety of cellular molecular sequences is complex, but each sequence of the three ribonucleotides specifies the insertion of one particular amino acid into the polypeptide chain under production. Whilst mRNA is considered the vehicle by which genetic information is transmitted from the genome and allocated in the appropriate cytoplasmic sites for translation into protein via cap-dependent mechanism, the actual translation depends also on the presence of other so-called household and luxury protein molecules. Recent evidence suggests RNA species are required at initiation, because treatment of cells with antibiotics or drugs that inhibit RNA synthesis cause a decrease in protein synthesis. The rRNA is necessary as a structural constituent of the ribosomes upon which translation takes place, whereas tRNA is necessary as an adaptor in amino acid activation and elongation protein chains to ribosomes. In this article, we review malignant tumor, with stem like properties, and recent technical advances into the phenomenon of micro-particles and micro-vesicles containing cell-free nucleic acids that circulate plasma. New areas of research have been opened into screening tumor telomerase progression, prognosis of aptamers targeting cell surface, monitoring the efficacy of anticancer therapies, oncogenic transformation of host cell, and RNA polymerases role in the cell cycle progression and differentiation.