lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, involucre ovoid or ovoid-subglobose, radiant; appendages decurrent, ciliate, not ending in mucro or mucronulate, laceration absent, with blackish or brownish border, usually ovateoblong or ovate-triangular; florets usually violet or blue, rarely whitish, yellowish, pink, or red; marginal florets with 5-6 lobes, sterile, without staminodes, central flowers hermaphrodite; achenes generally ovoid-oblong, insertion areole hairy, mostly with pappus, pappus scabrose or barbellate-scabrose (Wagenitz, 1975). During our field study, some specimens belonging to subgenus Cyanus were collected and then identified according to Flora of Turkey (Wagenitz, 1975). Some clear morphological differences between the collected specimens and C. bourgaei enabled us to describe them as a new species. 2. Materials and methods The new species material was compared to the herbarium collections of Centaurea in ANK, HUB, GAZI, ISTF, ISTE, and KNYA (acronyms follow Thiers, 2018). The morphology of the specimens was examined under a binocular microscope, and the specimens were compared with closely related species: C. bourgaei, C. pichleri, and C. reuteriana. Moreover, the type specimens of the related species were viewed as digital photographs. The achenes of 2 species were dehydrated in an alcohol series (70%, 80%, 96%, and 100%) for cleaning and coated with gold for viewing under a ZEISS EVO LS-10 model scanning electron microscope (SEM) on high-vacuum mode to observe their surfaces at magnifications of 30×, 1000×, and 2000×. The terminology of the achene characteristics was according to Stearn (1995) and Koul et al. (2000). Mature achenes were selected and germinated for chromosomal analysis. Counting of the chromosomes was conducted during the somatic metaphase using the squash technique. Primer root meristems were used to obtain the metaphase plates. The samples were pretreated with 0.002 M 8-hydroxyquinoline for 8 h at 4 °C and then fixed with Carnoy's solution for 24 h at a low temperature. Prior to dyeing, the material was hydrolyzed with 5N HCl for 30 min at room temperature and stained with 1% acetoneorcein. The preparates were made permanent according to the method of Bowen (1956). At least 5 metaphases were examined and the best image was photographed at Research Article This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Glaucosciadium cordifolium (Boiss.) B. L. Burtt & P. H. Davis was used as an aphrodisiac in traditional medicine and known as "sakar otu" or "çakşır otu" in Turkey (Özhatay and Koçak 2011). According to the Flora of Turkey, the genus Glaucosciadium Burtt & Davis is represented by one taxon in Turkey and two taxa in the world (Davis 1982). G. cordifolium has a charasteristic smell and grows in stony river banks, chalk screes and slopes (Davis 1982). This species is distributed in Central Anatolia, Mediterranean region and Northern Cyprus. Although the volatile oil composition of G. cordifolium aerial parts has been investigated previously (Baser et al. 2000), so far the volatile oil compositions of G. cordifolium fruits and roots have not been analyzed. Here, we report the comparative essential oil compositions of the aerial parts, fruits and roots of G. cordifolium by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detector (FID) systems. In addition, antimicrobial-antioxidant activities of aforementioned volatile oils were studied by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and broth microdilution methods, respectively. Chemical characterization of Glaucosciadium cordifolium (Boiss.

The genus Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) has two phylogenetic branches; one of them is Old World (Asia, Europe, and Africa) and the other one is New World (America). It has about 2000 taxa with 136 sections in the Old World (Podlech and Zarre, 2013). It is represented by 478 taxa in 63 sections and 202 (42%) taxa endemic to Turkey (Aytaç et al., 2012). Three new endemic taxa were added to the Turkish flora in (Taeb and Uzunhisarcıklı, 2012Dinç et al., 2013;Karaman and Aytaç, 2013) and the number reached 486.The sect. Malacothrix Bunge is represented by 119 taxa in the Old World and 25 in Turkey, of which 12 are endemic (Podlech and Zarre, 2013). According to Taeb and Uzunhisarcıklı (2012), the sect. Malacothrix is represented by 17 taxa and 10 of them are endemic to Turkey.The sect. Malacothrix is common in the Irano-Turanian phytogeographic region and has a systematic problem. According to Chamberlain and Matthews (1970), the sect. Malacothrix is caulescent, otherwise subacaulescent to acaulescent (Podlech and Zarre 2013). It is difficult to describe and decide if it is caulescent or not from herbaria specimens.Interesting specimens of Astragalus were collected from Karadağ (Karaman Province) during the field trips by Ö. Çeçen, H. Mısırdalı, and Ünal in 2013.After closer examination and consultation with the treatment in the Flora of Turkey (Chamberlain and Matthews, 1970) and a taxonomic revision of the genus Astragalus in the Old World (Podlech and Zarre, 2013), it was realized that the specimens are different from the other known Astragalus species. This new species was also cross-checked with those kept in GAZI, ANK, and HUB. Materials and methodsThe morphological data used in the description of the new species were directly obtained from specimens collected by the authors from Karaman Province and by using a binocular stereoscopic microscope when necessary.The pollen and seed morphology of the new species were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at GAZI. The pollen was treated with 70% alcohol and then dried before mounting on stubs with gold for the SEM study. The SEM photomicrographs were taken with the JEOL JSM 6060 SEM at Gazi University. The pollen terminology of Punt et al. (1994) was used in the description. Plant names were checked using IPNI (2015). The type specimens of new species are deposited at GAZI, ANK, HUB, KYN, and YILDIRIMLI.

Astragalus sertavulensis is described as a new species from Karaman in south Anatolia, Turkey. The new species is closely related to A. mesogitanus Boiss. & Balansa and A. lycaonicus Hub.‐Mor. & Reese and is one of only three species in the section that have a hairy corolla. However, while only the standard is hairy in A. mesogitanus, and all the corolla parts are hairy in A. lycaonicus, only the standard and keel are hairy in A. sertavulensis. Furthermore, A. sertavulensis is the only member of the section where the stipules are close to the internodes, at least at the base. A taxonomic description as well as pollen and other morphological characters of the new species were presented. In addition, the geographical distribution of A. sertavulensis, A. mesogitanus and A. lycaonicus is mapped.

Valerianella turcica, a new species from central Anatolia, Turkey, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, this new species is characterized by the combination of an inflated and regularly 6-lobed fruiting calyx with erect, triangular, aristate, and hooked lobes. Additional details on its geographical distribution, conservation status, and comparisons to related species are also provided.