Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de Bankacılık Kırılganlık Endeksi (BFI) ve ekonomik aktivite arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. 2005-2016 dönemleri için aylık veriler kullanılmıştır. Bankacılık kırılganlık endeksi takipteki alacaklar, sermaye yeterliliği oranı ve dönem net kar veya zararı serilerinden oluşmaktadır. Ekonomik aktiviteyi temsili olarak sanayi üretim endeksi büyüme oranı (IPI) kullanılmıştır. Öncelikle, finansal rasyoları aynı birimde tanımlamak amacıyla standardize edilmiş ve temel bileşenler analizi kullanılarak BFI oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonra, BFI ve IPI değişkenleri arasındaki nedenselliğin varlığını test etmek için Granger nedensellik analizi uygulanmıştır. Son olarak, değişkenler arasındaki dinamik ilişkiyi görebilmek için vektör otoregresif (VAR) modeli tahmin edilmiştir. Tahmin Sonuçlarına göre, BFI'nın ekonomik aktivite üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olmadığı ancak ekonomik aktivitenin BFI üzerinde etkili olduğu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Granger nedensellik ve VAR analizi sonuçları birbirleri ile uyumlu olup bu bulguyu destekler nitelikte sonuçlar vermiştir.
Rapid industrialization tends to occur at the expense of natural resources. Thus, countries are inclined to control natural resources for their development objectives, which may create conflicts when countries allocate scarce resources to national defense. As a major military block, NATO poses a potential threat to environmental degradation, as it comprises large industrialized arms manufacturers and military spenders. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the asymmetric effects of the defense burden on environmental degradation, which has rarely been studied in the empirical literature. Panel ARDL and NARDL methodologies were used to analyze the period 1965–2018 for the 15 oldest members of NATO. The findings of the panel ARDL analysis do not indicate any significant effect of the defense burden (ME) on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) in the long term. On the other hand, panel NARDL analysis indicates that the effect of the defense burden on carbon emissions is asymmetric; a 1% negative change in ME leads to a 0.08% drop in CO2 emissions in the long term. In line with these findings, the results of panel causality tests verify the validity of the treadmill of destruction theory.
This study investigates the impact of exchange rates on stock indices for Turkey and examines whether these impacts are asymmetric. For this purpose, the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model is used as an asymmetric cointegration method. In the study covering the period 2005-2020, BIST-100, BIST-100 All Shares and four stock sector indices are included in the models as stock indices representing. Thus, the response of the stock indices of the firms in different sectors to the movements in exchange rates is analyzed. The findings indicate that the impacts of exchange rate movements on the BIST-100 All Shares index and the service, industry, and technology sector indices in the short-term are asymmetrical, and the impacts on the technology sector index in the long-term are asymmetrical.
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