This study focused on evaluating the concepts of risk assessment associated with unsafe acts according to hazard identification at Gaili Area, Khartoum North, Sudan. Approaches used in this study; Research tools: Interviews, definite questionnaire & computer program for descriptive statistics – statistical package for social science (SSPS/version 22 – 2014). The study of risk assessment is conducted for workers in fuel terminals at Gaili area and analyzed using environmental health and safety concepts for eight jobs. Risk is associated with Job (driver, electrician, pump attendant, etc.), after hazards to be identified (natural, environmental, technological, biochemical, etc.). Fuel truck drivers at Gaili area showed the most highly risk job. The result showed that 60% of the incidents were caused by the hydrocarbon fuel transport drivers at the study area as the most highly risk job, followed by the electricians being the most affected job by electrical shocks during working hours followed by the pump attendants then welders followed by mechanics; including fatalities, restricted work activities, injuries, first aid and property damage. The study recommended to formulate of temporary committees such as autumn committee is not efficient in solving the problem, HSE steering committee should be a permanent committee to direct the emergency planning according to risk based assessment for identified hazards.

This study focused on evaluating the procedures of risk management associated with disposal of oil wastewater at Gaili area, Khartoum north, Sudan. Approaches used in this study. Research tools conducted were Interviews, sampling and analysis report interpretation, aerial photographs analysis & topographic modeling analysis for the Gaili area. The study of risk management is conducted for oily wastewater disposal at Gaili area and analyzed current activities of the Khartoum refinery, petrochemical plant, Garri power plant, fuel terminals and the gathered data. The Study found that the selection of the site of the wastewater area was improper, the construction specification of the oily waste water area was not following the international standards and the final disposal of the generated sludge is not following the international environmental conventions. The study found that the wastewater disposal area might have huge probability of impacting the surrounding environment, and severe impacts will be on the groundwater, soil, surrounding water courses and the quality of the air in Gaili area will be affected by oily wastewater disposal. The study recommended establishing an environmental monitoring program for the wastewater activities, and to conduct an environmental site assessment of the area and adopt the remediation plan developed according to the developed data, to construct a new sedimentation lagoon according to international standard and to provide a bioremediation unit to treat the generated sludge.

Hydrogen sulphide is a toxic gas, it can cause a range of physiological responses from simple annoyance to permanent injury and death. There are a number of approaches to deal with the impacts of toxic gases. This study focused on minimizing the hazard exposure for hydrogen sulfide in the different operational zones for activated sludge process in sewage waterplant. Research tools/ approaches conducted were interviews, toxic gas testers, analysis report interpretation & quantitative risk assessment method. The study was conducted on Arabian Peninsula during the period (September 2019- September 2021). The (13) operational locations tested for toxic gas concentrations were inlet chamber, outlet channel, coarse /fine screens, primary sedimentation tank, activated sludge tanks, secondary sedimentation tanks, gas desulfurization unit, disc filters, chlorine dosing unit, sludge dewatering, sludge silos and digester tanks. The study found that the highest concentration for H₂S in the inlet chamber/ outlet channel. The severity hazards in the sewage treatment plant using activated sludge process are the asphyxiation by H₂S was extremely high can cause harm to public health, followed by the radiation hazard followed by electrical hazard, then (working at height, mechanical, traffic, health, chemical, physical, ergonomic, environmental, microbial and natural). The frequency of hazards occurrence is asphyxiation by H₂S was extremely high followed by the radiation hazard and health hazard including the infection with Covid 19 virus followed by mechanical hazard then (electrical, traffic, ergonomic, natural, chemical, physical and natural). Control measures were recommended to minimize the risk of asphyxiation by H₂S in the working environment at the STP.