This paper presents a numerical reduced-order modeling (ROM) approach for complex multi-layered arrays of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs). The numerical modeling technique adopted to generate an array of PMUTs consisting of a considerable number of transducers allows for a large reduction in computational cost without reducing accuracy. The modeling idea is based on coupling shell elements applied to the PMUT structural layers with 3D-solid elements applied to the piezoelectric layer. A set of eigenfrequency and frequency domain analyses are presented considering a single ROM of a PMUT performing in different ambients and the performing central frequencies are obtained for every considered scenario. A unique arrangement of 228 PMUTs is presented and tested for its ability to transmit and receive acoustic waves. The operating frequency band of the array and the level of interference and cross-talk among different PMUTs in the near field are estimated. Finally, the results from a preliminary experimental test performed to analyze the acoustic abilities of an 8 × 8 array of PMUTs are presented. A corresponding numerical model is created and the obtained results matched the experimental data, leading to a validation of the modeling technique proposed in this work.

No abstract

Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have enabled new techniques for the miniaturization of sensors suitable for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) applications. In this study, MEMS-based sensors, specifically Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (PMUT), are used to evaluate and monitor the pre-tensioning of a bolted joint structural system. For bolted joints to function properly, it is essential to maintain a suitable level of pre-tensioning. In this work, an array of PMUTs attached to the head and to the end of a bolt, serve as transmitter and receiver, respectively, in a pitch-catch Ultrasonic Testing (UT) scenario. The primary objective is to detect the Change in Time of Flight (CTOF) of the acoustic wave generated by the PMUT array and propagating along the bolt’s axis between a non-loaded bolt and a bolt in service. To model the pre-tensioning of bolted joints and the transmission of the acoustic wave to and from a group of PMUTs through the bolt, a set of numerical models is created. The CTOF is found to be linearly related to the amount of pre-tensioning. The numerical model is validated through comparisons with the results of a preliminary experimental campaign.