Although golf is a popular activity and significant industry, there is little known about the price elasticity of demand for golf, nor the benefits received by the golfers themselves. Using a survey of Colorado golfers at 19 golf courses and a relatively novel hybrid individual observation and zonal travel cost model, the authors find the demand for golf is quite price inelastic with respect to transportation costs (−.433) and green fees (−.115). The typical golfer spends $8 on transportation and $49 on green fees/ carts. The price inelastic demands translate into a consumer surplus of $18.44 per round of golf at Colorado golf courses. The annual net economic value to golfers in Colorado for the 7.8 million rounds of golf is $143.8 million. The authors find a ''U'' shaped quadratic relationship between age and golf demand, such that retirement age golfers take about 30% more trips than middle age golfers.

Zero restrictions implied by Gardner's (1975) model are exploited to develop a simple test for perfect price transmission. Applying the test to the domestic marketing channels for U.S. beef and pork, we reject the hypothesis of competitive market clearing for pork, but not for beef. A retest using the four-firm concentration ratio in U.S. meat packing as a proxy for market power affirms results from the simple test. [JEL Classification: Q11, Q13]. C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 1 This literature is both large and expanding rapidly.