Health problems relating to wound healing remain a significant issue in health management. Various formulations of Spondias mombin Linn. (Anacardiaceous) serves potent roles in ethnomedicine. To explore the counter-inflammatory and cytokines modulatory roles together with the antioxidant and wound healing properties of Spondias mombin Linn. (Anacardiaceous) leaves essential oil (SMEO) on excised wounds. Spondias mombin Linn. (Anacardiaceous) leaves essential oil was isolated through hydro distillation essential in Clevenger type apparatus (Borosil, India). Then thirty-eight healthy adult male albino rats (250 ± 20g) were grouped randomly into (n=6); Group 1- 50 µL 1% SMEO, Group 2- 0.1% DMSO and Tween 20 (Control), Group 3- Dermazin® ointment, Group 4-untreated, Group 5-50µL 10% SMEO, Group 6- 50µL 15% SMEO, with two unwounded samples, were treated for 14 days. Tissues of two rats was harvested per group on the 3 rd, 10th and 14th days after excision, wounded areas were excised for RT-qPCR cytokines analysis and gene expression (Light Cycler, Mannheim, Germany) (IL 6, IL1β, TNFα). The SMEO of (25–100 μg/ml) was passed through Total antioxidant/flavonoid/phenol phytochemical estimation assays. The assays showed high presence of flavonoids/phenols. The 10% and 15% essential oil healing progression showed efficiency over the standard. Cytokine analysis/gene expression revealed a significant reduction in IL6 levels, a key regulator of other pro-inflammatory cytokines and reparative process, after the 3rd, 7th and 14th day. The extracted Spondias mombin Linn. essential oil showed stimulation of an anti-inflammatory effect through a significant reduction of IL-6 levels as compared to the vehicle and standard treatment on the 3 rd, 10th through to the 14th day of the treatment course, neo-vascularization, tissue regeneration phase and overall improved wound healing better than the standard.

Recently, biomass has shown its viability as an alternative to fossil fuels. Due to the growing trend in greenhouse gas emissions generated by the continual burning of fossil fuel products, it will be advantageous for humanity to seek a more sustainable and renewable source of energy. Due to its availability, biomass has a promising approach as a feedstock for bioconversion processes that produce energy, fuels, and other chemicals. The carbon dioxide generated by burning biomass has no influence on atmospheric carbon dioxide since it is derived from a renewable source. Despite these benefits, its adoption in bioconversion and biorefinery processes has traditionally been hindered by its recalcitrant nature, as indicated by its intrinsic characteristics. Prior to any conversion process, biomass must be pretreated to enhance product recovery. To satisfy the rising need for renewable and sustainable energy sources, the present conversion efficiency must be improved and the biorefinery concept must transition from using just one biomass component (cellulose) to utilizing the complete biomass component. This study examines numerous pretreatment procedures used prior to any conversion process, the challenges faced, and the future of biomass pretreatment technologies. Physical, hydrothermal, chemical, oxidation, biological, and hybrid pretreatment techniques are evaluated. The review indicates that the ideal approach to biomass pretreatment must be able to deal with the recalcitrant nature of biomass, enhance the crystallinity of cellulose, and provide the greatest recovery of biofuels, bio-char, sugars, and other industrially relevant bioproducts. The data offered in this study will equip readers with the knowledge necessary to effectively identify solutions to pretreatment problems and energy generation from pretreated biomass.

Background- Wound healing remains a challenging clinical problem, and correct, efficient wound management is essential. Various formulations of Spondias mombin Linn. (Anacardiacea) is used in the folk medical therapeutics of Africa due to their anti-inflammatory effects and ethnomedicinal claims. Objective- To evaluate the re-epitheliazation, rapid wound healing and antioxidant activities of Spondias mombin Linn. (Anacardiacea) leaves essential oil (SMEO) through excision in vivo model. Materials and Methods- Thirty-eight male rats weighing 250 ± 20g were used. Random grouping into n=6 rats; Group 1 received 50µL of 1% SMEO, Group 2 received 0.1% of DMSO and Tween 20 (Control), Group 3 received Dermazin® ointment, Group 4 was untreated, Group 5 received 50µL of 10% SMEO, Group 6 received 50µL of 15% SMEO, were treated for 14 days. In vivo wound healing rat model was employed with tissues of two rats harvested per group on the 3rd, 10th and 14th days after excision for histological analysis. The SMEO of (25–100 μg/ml) was passed through DPPH, Nitric oxide, Reducing power assays. Results- The antioxidant assays showed scavenging of species in close comparison with standard in a dose dependent manner. The essential oil showed promising results even at low concentration of 1%. The 10% and 15% wound contraction progression showed efficiency over the standard. Macroscopic observation and Histological analysis revealed a significant wound healing process of the treatment groups compared to the vehicle-treated and unwounded controls, after the 3rd, 7th and 14th day. Conclusion- The essential oil showed ability to initiate re-epithelization, proliferative stimulation of new blood vessels, collagen fiber synthesis and overall improved wound healing better than the standard (Dermazin®), therefore, a possible presentation as lead for drug development.