Background: Rapid urbanization and increasing fleet in low-income countries are the basis of the higher rate of trauma and fractures. In a post conflict environment, the abnormal movement of firearms and poverty from them may change the configuration's epidemiological, anatomical and clinical fractures of the limbs bones as well as their care. Goal: To make an inventory on the fractures of the limb bones in Bukavu town, a town in post armed conflict. Method: This work is transversal, retrospective and descriptive on 500 fractures of the limbs bones recorded on a period of 3 months from 1 st June to 31 st August 2013. Twenty investigators went around different places of Bukavu town to interview and complete a research protocol ad hoc. In total, we recorded 500 subjects with 570 fractures of the limb bones. Results: The average age is 29.4 years old and 37% are male fractured. The main circumstances of occurrence of the fracture of the limbs bones are the falls (31.7%), firearms (22.2%) followed closely by road traffic accidents (21.9%). Students (38.6%) and the unemployed (29.4%) are most victims' fractures of limb bones. The forearm bones (31.7%) and leg bones (27.2%) are most concerned, 52.2% fractured turned to modern medicine against 41.8% for traditional medicine. Conclusion: The fractures of the limbs bones in Bukavu mainly concern young male subjects. They occur with the waning of a fall and preferentially affect the bones of the forearm. Good governance would reduce the incidence of fractures of the limbs bones and their assessment.

For nearly two decades, the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been plagued by war and abnormal movement of firearms is commonplace. The consequence of this is the increasing number of victim patients from gunshot wound at the hospitals. The aim of this study is to make an assessment of fractures caused by firearms and their management in a post conflict town. This is a retrospective, descriptive, multicenter study involving 123 cases with 128 fractures by firearms recorded during a period of 24 months from 1 st January 2011 to 31 st December 2012. Patients were recruited from 3 major hospitals in Bukavu town having a unit of fractures management. One hundred and six (86.9%) patients were males with the modal age in the ranks from 20 to 40 years old (mean 29.9 years). Seventy-one (57.7%) were civilians and 52 (42.3%) patients were soldiers; 86 (78.2%) came from countryside. The reprisal was implicated in 77 (62.6%) cases. In 62.5% of cases, fractures were localized in the lower limbs and were treated orthopedically in 50% of cases. The gunshot fractures in eastern DRC were mainly concerning the civilian young people living in the countryside and necessarily affected the bones of low limb. A study on fracture by firearms should be carried in the area where people have been wounded. Reducing the flow of gunshot could reduce the rate of fractures by firearms.

Background: Amputations and disarticulation of the limbs are becoming a public health problem. Goal: To describe the epidemiological and etiological aspects of limb amputation in Kisangani. Methods: A retrospective study of three health facilities in the city of Kisangani: Kisangani Clinical University, General Hospital Makiso-Kisangani Reference and Kabondo Reference General Hospital from 1 st January 2005 to 31 st December 2014 counted 62 cases of amputation. Results: The prevalence of 14.69% of all interventions of limbs. The age group of 57-75 years is the most concerned and the male/female sex ratio is 2.9/1. The unemployed are most affected 51.6%. The lower limb is concerned in 88.7%, including 30.6% in the lower leg and the right side is reached in 56.5% of cases. Diabetic gangrene (30.1%) is criminalized followed by traumatism (27.4%). The mortality rate is 17.8%. Conclusion: The amputation of limbs is a situation encountered in Kisangani. The adult male is most affected. Diabetic gangrene and open fractures are the most encountered causes. Mortality is high. The early management of diabetics and open fractures is a mandatory.

Context and objective. The sperm tests explore testicular spermatogenesis, epididymal maturation and storage, prostate and seminal vesicle secretions and genital tract patency. The aim of this study was to establish a correlation between spermogram abnormalities and epididymalvesicular biomarkers of spouses in infertile couples. Methods. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from November 15, 2020 to October 15, 2021 at the Centre Universitaire de Diagnostic du Graben in Butembo, DRCongo. The correlation between spermogram abnormalities and epididymal biomarkers was investigated by determining the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results. One hundred ninety-two patients were involved. The alphaglucosidase concentration was low in 31.2 % of cases of altered spermograms against 7.3 % of the spouses with normal spermograms. The fructose concentration was also low in 37.5 % of cases of altered spermograms against 4.2% of normal spermograms. Semen volume was associated with reduced fructose concentration while sperm concentration, motility, vitality and morphology were correlated with reduced alphaglucosidase levels. Chlamydia (OR: 13.7), Gonorrhoea (OR: 3.8), anti-sperm antibody serology (OR: 6.05), history of STI (OR: 3.61), smoking (OR: 5.62), leukocytospermia (OR: 6.23) as well as varicocele and obesity were significantly correlated with spermogram abnormalities. The latter were dominated by oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (39.6%) and consisted of various types of abnormalities including azoospermia (15.6 %). Conclusion. The functional status of the epididymo-vesicular and genital tract influences semen quality. Genitou-inary tract infections, even if asymptomatic, are the major etiological factor of infertility. The topographical diagnosis requires the contribution of sperm biochemical markers for a judicious therapeutic approach.

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