Background: Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs, affecting the mucosalareas of the lung.It can becaused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. In some cases, it may be caused by physical or chemical irritants. Kolaviron, a natural bioflavonoid extract from Garcinia kola seeds, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties in Flu-like conditions which are associated with cough. There has been paucity of information on the likelihood of the effectiveness of kolaviron against pneumonia-infections. Objective: To evaluate the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of kolaviron on albino Wister ratsinduced with pneumonia using Klebsiella pneumonia. Methods: Powdered Garcinia kola seeds were extracted, withn-hexane and 100% methanol as solvents, using Soxhlet extractor. Astandard method was used to obtain kolaviron from the seed extracts. A total of 24 albino wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups A to F,each comprised four rats. The rats were allowed for 1 hour to acclimatize in very cold environments using ice packs. A standardized 1.0 x10-5 mg/ml culture suspension was intranasally inoculated to the rats for 10 days to induce pneumonia-like symptoms. Thereafter, the kolaviron was administered to the rats such that a500mg/kg kolaviron extract was given once daily to groups A (male rat) and B (female rat). Groups C (male rat)and D (female rat)received 250mg/kg of kolaviron extract once daily while group E rats were given 0.5 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) once daily, and served as negative control. The rats in Group F received 2.86 mg/kg of ofloxacin once daily, and served as positive control. All the treatments were done for a period of 5 days.Then 10 days after thetreatments, the animals were sacrificed and the lungs were harvested for hydrostatic lung test and histopathological examination. An overnight broth culture of Klebsiella pneumonia was streaked in sterile molten nutrient agar maintained at 37o C for 24hrs.Later a stock of 500mg/ml of kolaviron was prepared in DMSO. Two–fold dilutions were performed to obtain the following concentrations with the stock inclusive: 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, and 1.565%.The anti-Klebsiella pneumonia activity of the kolaviron extract was determined using agar well diffusion methodsand incubation was done at 37o C for 24 hrs.Student t-test and One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for comparison of mean differences between and among groups. Results: The sensitivity of Klebsiella pneumonia to kolaviron was concentration-dependent. There was increase in antiKlebsiella pneumonia activity with decrease in kolaviron concentration. Kolaviron (KV), at 500mg/kg concentration, was efficacious and showed significant anti-inflammatory effects, (P<0.0001). This was also confirmed in the histopathological examinations. The 3.125% concentration of the kolaviron gave IZDs that ranges from 25.68±3.33 mm in day 1 to 27.33±2.78 mm in day 5. Treatment with kolaviron was sex-dependent having significant difference,(p<0.0001), when pretreatment and post-treatment effects were compared between male and female rats. Conclusion: Kolaviron can be used as an agent in the treatment of pneumonia as the KV possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-Klebsiella pneumonia activities.

Following the intraperitoneal inoculation of 200 Wistar rats (96 males, 96 females and 8 controls) aged 2 to4 months with graded-doses of saline and peptone water broth cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus lentus isolates obtained from urinary tract infection (UTI) in Enugu, Nigeria and typed down to species using API® Staph typing kit, the rats were observed for 72 h and were euthanized. The liver, kidney and bladder were harvested and processed histologically. Out of the 96 rats (48 males and 48 females) inoculated with peptone water broth cultures of S. aureus 834, S. xylosus 837, S. aureus 856 and S. lentus 853 strains, 12 (12.5%) died, with 8 (66.7%) from S. xylosus 837 and 4 (33.3%) from S. aureus 856 but no death from S. aureus 834 and S. lentus 853. More males 6(75%) died from S. xylosus 837 than females 2 (25%) while more females 4 (100%) died from S. aureus 856 than males 0 (0%). No death occurred from inoculation of another 96 rats with saline broth culture of the test strains. Evidence of necrosis of the liver parenchyma with infiltration of the inflammatory cells around the pericentral areas upon S. aureus inoculation was observed. S. xylosus and S. lentus showed no histological damage to the liver. In the kidney, S. aureus produced tubular casts, erosions and glomerular oedema. S. xylosus and S. lentus produced tubular casts, glomerular distortions and oedema. The bladder showed mild effect on the musculature with S. aureus and none for S. xylosus and S. lentus, respectively.