Men and women farmers experience different impacts of climate variability and change (CVC). Research on the differentiated impacts of variability and change in rainfall on gender is limited in the study area. This study examined perceptions and experience of men and women farmers on the impacts of CVC, using climate data and farmers' perception from a gender perspective. It examined the effect of CVC on annual and seasonal rainfall, number of rain days, onset and cessation of rainfall; perceived impacts of CVC on annual and seasonal rainfall and compared the measured (meteorological) impacts with the perceived impacts across gender. Mixed methods of qualitative and quantitative data collection and participatory rural approaches were used. Household survey of 50% men and 50% women each were conducted in six farming communities. Data analysis involved the use of annual rainfall trends, Annual Rainfall Anomaly (ARA), Standardized Annual Rainfall Anomaly (SARA), regression analysis percentages and chi-square. Results reveal the occurrences of more dry years than wet years (ARA and SARA <0.00) in the three locations. There were wide variability and changes in inter-annual rainfall in Ogbaru (R 2 = 0.0003), Anambra East (R 2 = 0.0071) and Ayamelum (R 2 = 0.0014). Seasonal rainfall was unevenly distributed from 2007-2016. There were wide variations in dates of onset and cessation of rainy season (R 2 = 0.006) and number of rain days (R 2 = 0.009). Men and women responses revealed that there were statistically significant (p < 0.005) changes in the onset of rainy season, early cessation of annual rainfall; alteration of growing seasons; frequent flooding and frequent drought. Women felt more impact of food insecurity, water shortage and had more burden of migration due to changes in rainfall. This study concludes that respondents perceived and experienced impacts of CVC which varied across gender. Hence, it recommends the provision of sustainable water and irrigation system which should encourage women's participation in the construction, maintenance and management among others.

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This study examined the relationship between cultural biases and farmer-herder conflicts in Taraba State, Nigeria. The population was made up of 973 respondents comprising the households of selected farmers and herders in Taraba State. The sample size of210 was selected using purposive sampling procedure. The instrument for data collection was an 18-item questionnaire. One hundred and ninety-five (195) copies of the questionnaire were successfully retrieved and analysed. Mean and standard deviation was used to summarise the data. Findings indicated that cultural barriers which spots nomads as strangers in farming communities is among some aspects of cultural biases that promote farmer-herder conflicts in Taraba State. Government should come up with policies that will reduce the vegetative impact of cultural preferences and barriers. Keywords: Cultural biases, farmer-herder conflicts, socio-economic activities

The aim of the study was to analyze awareness and willingness to pay (WTP) for organic vegetables among households in Anambra State, Nigeria. Analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages, and Contingent Valuation Method. One hundred and forty (140) respondents were utilized for the study but with a valid response rate of 85.7 percent to give one hundred and twenty (120) respondents sampled from the study area using multistage sampling procedure. Data used for the research was obtained with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. The most commonly consumed vegetables were pumpkin (59.17%), garden egg (28.33%), cucumber (8.33%) and amaranth (4.17%). The respondents were aware (95.83%) of the health benefits of organic vegetables and also aware (71.7%) of environmental effects of using inorganic fertilizer for vegetable production. In the WTP for organic vegetables, it was observed that 21.7% of the respondents were not WTP for organic garden egg, while 78.3% of the respondents were WTP a premium for a kg of organic garden egg. About 8.3% of the respondents were not WTP for organic pumpkin while 91.7% of them were WTP a premium for organic pumpkin. The analysis showed that in households WTP for organic garden egg, factors such as age, health, education, and awareness were significant, while WTP an amount was also significantly influenced by the same set of variables. Also, while willingness to pay for organic pumpkin was significantly influenced by health, education and awareness, WTP an amount was significantly influenced by health, education and awareness. There is need for public awareness by the media and organic Non-Government Organizations to create more programmes that will educate consumers on the health and environmental advantages of organic farming and consumption patterns over conventional practices. With this, more consumers will be willing to pay a premium for organic vegetables. Key words: Anambra state, Awareness, Farming, Organic Vegetable, Willingness to pay