Four semi-purified diets, containing crystalline amino acids (CAAs), were fed to juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major in order to ascertain the ideal dietary amino acid pattern for this species. A control diet containing 50% casein-gelatin as protein sources, but no CAAs were fed to the fish. The other diets contained 30% casein-gelatin and 20% CAAs. CAAs were added to diets to simulate with amino acid pattern of the red sea bream eggs protein (REP), red sea bream larvae whole body protein (RLP), red sea bream juvenile whole body protein (RJP), and brown fishmeal protein (BFP). The juveniles (average initial body weight, 1.58 ± 0.01 g) were maintained in triplicate tanks and fed twice daily for 30 days. The highest weight gain was observed in juveniles fed the RJP diet. No significant difference was observed in juveniles fed the RLP and BFP diet. Feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio and amino acid retention in the whole body were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the simulated dietary amino acid patterns. The essential amino acid profile and A/E ratios of the whole body after the growth trial showed little difference among the dietary treatments. The results suggest that red sea bream juveniles are able to utilize high amounts of CAA in coated form. The amino acid pattern of RJP could be used as an appropriate of reference dietary amino acid for this species.

The energy budget of the Japanese £ounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) larvae fed enriched (EA) and non-enriched (NEA) Artemia nauplii was determined by equating energy intake (EI) with the summation of energy channelled to faeces (F), metabolism (M), excretion (U) and growth (G). Larvae (21 days post hatching, 2.2 mg mean wet wt) were reared in six 80-L circular tanks with three replicates of 160 larvae per tank and fed EA and NEA for 20 days. EI was calculated from the energy content of consumed nauplii, M from the summation of energy for routine, feeding and active metabolisms, U from ammonia excretion and G from energy gained based on weight gain, while F was the di¡erence between EI and the total of other components. The heat increment of larvae was calculated from the di¡erence of O 2 consumption at post-prandial and routine conditions. Except for G and F, variables were correlated to the dry body weight (W) of larvae in a power function:Y 5aW b . Coe⁄cients a and b were estimated by regression after a logarithmic transformation of the raw data. Overall, growth and survival rates of the larvae fed EA were higher than those fed NEA. For a larval £ounder growing from 2 to 20 mg wet wt, the ingested energy was partitioned as follows: 22.8% to faecal loss, 38.3% to metabolism, 1.5% to urinary loss and 37.4% to growth for the EA group, whereas 35.4% to faecal loss, 28.4% to metabolism, 1.3% to urinary loss and 34.9% to growth for the NEA group. Gross conversion and assimilation e⁄ciencies were higher, but the net conversion e⁄ciency was lower in EA-fed larvae than NEA-fed larvae. This study suggests that the higher growth and survival rates of the EA-fed group compared with the NEA-fed group were attributed to their higher intake of essential fatty acids, higher metabolism and lower energy loss of faeces.

The respiratory infection COVID-19 caused by the virus SARS CoV-2 has continued to be a major health problem worldwide and has caused more than a million mortalities. Even if the development of COVID-19 vaccines has shown much progress, efforts to find novel, natural anti-viral drugs should be pursued. Halymenia durvillei is a marine red alga widely distributed around Southeast Asia. This study aimed to develop new anti SARS CoV-2 compounds from ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of H. via a computational approach, focusing onthe inhibitory action against the main protease (3CL-Mpro). In this study, 37 compounds were extracted and identified by GC-MS analysis. The potentials of compounds 1-2 tetradecandiol and E,E,Z-1,3,12-nonadecatriene-5,14-diol were identified for therapeutic purposes based on our pharmacophore study, while cholest-5-En-3-Ol (3.Beta.)- had a high fitness score in molecular docking studies both in monomer and dimer state compared to the N3 inhibitor and remdesivir affinity scores. As these compounds show competitive affinity scores against the 3CL-Mpro, these natural compounds may be effective for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. The ADME and pharmacokinetics study also be employed to assess the ability of the natural compounds as oral drugs. These promising results have shown the potentials of H. durvillei as an alternative drug in addressing COVID-19 infection. Accordingly, further studies should explore the effectiveness of these active compounds.

The energy budget of Marsupenaeus japonicus postlarvae (PL) fed highly unsaturated fatty acid‐enriched (EA) and non‐enriched (NEA) Artemia nauplii was determined by equating energy intake (EI) with the summation of energy channeled to feces (F ), metabolism (M ), excretion (U ), growth (G) and exuvia (Ev). Stage PL4 (mean wet weight 1.14 ± 0.31 mg, 14 days post‐hatching) of M. japonicus were reared in six 80 L circular tanks, with three replicates, and fed EA and NEA for 21 days. The EI was calculated from the energy content of consumed nauplii, M was calculated from the summation of energy for routine metabolism, active metabolism and heat increment based on oxygen consumption, U was calculated from urinary loss based on ammonia excretion, G was calculated from energy increase based on weight gain, Ev was calculated from energy loss based on molting and F was obtained from the difference between EI and the total of the other variables. The values of EI, M and U were expressed as a function of the wet body weight (W ) of PL in a power function: EI, M or U = aW b, where a and b were estimated by least squares regression after a logarithmic transformation of the raw data. After 21 days, the growth rate of PL fed EA was higher than those fed NEA. The daily ingested energy of 5 mg wet wt of M. japonicus PL was partitioned as follows: 13.9% to fecal loss, 50.9% to metabolism, 4.8% to urinary loss, 24.6% to growth and 5.8% to exuvia for the EA group; 40.2% to fecal loss, 28.9% to metabolism, 4.0% to urinary loss, 21.8% to growth and 5.2% to exuvia for NEA group. Assimilation and gross conversion efficiencies were higher, but net conversion efficiency lower, in the EA group compared with the NEA group. The higher essential fatty acid intakes in the EA improved the growth of PL due to better assimilation.

This study aims to revise the indicators of measuring Regional Innovation System (SIDa) component in order to simplify the measurement such that it can directly influence the improvement of success indicators in a region or district. Measuring the components of SIDa for all regions are necessary as the baseline of policy parameters for the Government in developing SIDa so that the implementation the policy on innovation systems become more effective. In this study, the modeling is focused on refining the existing parameters that have been previously developed for strengthening policy implementation of SIDa applied in each region. Modeling and development of these indicators are required in order to result as a reference for solving problems in the implementation of SIDa and can be used as reference material to establish an appropriate and effective patterns of regional development approach. The analysis tool used is multiple regression analysis using an Ordinary least square technique. Results of regression modeling produced a valid model with all independent variables significant and positive impact on the SIDa. Regression analysis shows that strengthening SIDa of all provinces in Indonesia provide significant and positive impact in increasing the Gross Domestic Products (GDP). Likewise, the success indicators show the positive effect, which means that implementation of SIDa has proven to increase the benchmark indicators of the region.