Purpose: The aim of this study is to point out the impact of geopolitical risk on climate change. The CO2 emissions per capita is used as a proxy for climate change. Methodology: In this study, the data sample covers annual data from 1990 to 2015 for 12 selected Latin American and Asian countries. After standard preliminary tests (Cross-sectional dependence tests, CIPS unit root test, and slope homogeneity test), we employ the second-generation estimator – the AMG (Augmented Mean Group) method to explore the long-run relationship between geopolitical risk and CO2 emissions per capita. Results: The AMG findings document that a 1% rise in geopolitical risk escalates CO2 emissions per capita by 0.001%. In addition, economic growth and fossil energy consumption foster CO2 emissions per capita, whereas renewable energy contributes to decreasing CO2 emissions per capita. Conclusion: In recent years, scholars have attempted to explore the impact of geopolitical risk on environmental degradation. According to our results, in Latin American and Asian countries, decreasing geopolitical risk and conflict can impede environmental degradation. In the long run, a robust clean energy policy should be considered in case of geopolitical conflict by the government. Besides, the government should focus on renewable energy policy and substitute non-renewable energy resources with more technology-intensive resources.
The COVID-19 pandemic, a new type of coronavirus that the world faced, broke out at the end of 2019 causing numerous impacts on all countries. Particularly the European Union (EU) countries were notably affected by COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns and stringency policies. Furthermore, although Turkey was successful in combating many areas of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the EU countries, its international trade was affected. This paper empirically investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on selected EU countries (Bulgaria, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Czechia) and Turkey’s exports with monthly panel data analyses over the March 2020–December 2021 period. The findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic had negative impacts on exports in the EU and Turkey. For example, a 1% increase in COVID-19 stringency reduced exports by 0.102%, and a 1% increase in total COVID-19 cases caused a decline in exports of 1.620%. Furthermore, the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test results show a two-way causality relationship between COVID-19 cases and export levels. In addition, unidirectional causality linkage exists from the COVID-19 stringency index. Therefore, causality test results confirm an impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on exports during the stringency measures and lockdowns.
Makroekonomi politikalarının odağındaki büyüme eksenli uygulamaların ortaya çıkardığı sorunlara yönelik ilgi son dönemlerde giderek artmıştır. Bu ilginin gerek ekonomik gerekse de siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel unsurlardan hareketle artmasının geri planında yatan dinamiklerin ortaya konulması küreselleşme olgusundan bağımsız bir biçimde ele alınmayı imkânsız hâle getirmektedir. Dolayısıyla, 20. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren toplumun tüm katmanlarına yayılım gösteren küreselleşme ile birlikte çevresel dengenin değişimine vurgu yapan literatürün öne çıkmaya başladığı görülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda mevcut çalışmada, 1991-2014 dönemine ait verilerle panel ARDL yöntemiyle Türkiye, Azerbaycan, Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Tacikistan, Türkmenistan ve Özbekistan'dan oluşan Türki Cumhuriyetlerde Çevresel Kuznets hipotezi ekonomik, politik ve sosyal küreselleşme göstergeleri dikkate alınarak test edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, ekonomik büyümenin karbon emisyonu üzerindeki negatif yönlü etkisinin yaklaşık olarak kişi başı 2,830$ gelir düzeyinde ortaya çıktığını, sonrasında ise N tipi bir ilişkinin söz konusu olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca analiz bulguları, politik ve sosyal küreselleşmenin karbon emisyonunu azalttığını, ekonomik küreselleşme ve enerji kullanımını ise arttırdığını ortaya koymaktadır.
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