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According to Barthlott (1981), these surface characters can be basically divided into four major groups: 1) cellular arrangement; 2) shape of cells; 3) relief of outer cell walls; and 4) epicuticular secretions. These characters, which show a great variety from the species to the family level, are not easily affected by environmental conditions.After Khan's (1964) revision, several studies examined the distribution, taxonomy, and morphology of Euphorbia taxa in Turkey: Ertem completed a doctoral thesis (İstanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy) and later published the study with drawings of diagnostic characters (Baytop and Ertem, 1971). The genus Euphorbia in Flora of Turkey was written by Radcliffe-Smith (1982); Can et al. (2010) presented the pollen morphology of the taxa of the subgenus Chamaesyce in Turkey (poster presentation at the Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology Symposium of DBG in Vienna); Can et al. (2012) published a research article regarding E. amygdaloides subsp. robbiae's rediscovery; and Uruşak et al. (2013) published a floristic study of the Yıldız Mountains in Northwest Turkey with an update of the Euphorbia taxa, with new records of distribution. However, the examination of seed characters in this genus needs further investigation. Thus, the current study focused on the seed shape, color, surface properties, microstructure, caruncle properties, and periclinal walls of the following taxa distributed in Turkey-in-Europe: Euphorbia falcata

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The corms of the Crocoideae vary in size, shape, number of internodes and length, the tunic structure of which often supplies good taxonomic characters. We here present detailed corm and tunic drawings and crystal types of Crocus L., Romulea Maratti and Gladiolus L. for the first time. Crocus taxa show tunic characteristics that are significantly different from each other. Romulea shows useful taxonomic characters only on the margins of the tunics that is covering the basal ridge. Tunic characters of the studied Gladiolus species are not as stable as in the other genera. The crystal types of the corm tunics of the studies taxa have been identified in Crocus: typical; small and thin square shaped, relatively short and thick, arrow‐shaped styloids. Romulea has regularly lined, hexagonal crystals on tunics. Gladiolus taxa have typical styloids and crystalline granules.