The effect of Levamisole on the immune response of 200 catfish (Clarias gariepenus) was evaluated. Fish were divided into 4 equal groups, reared in glass aquaria and fed on a basal diet. The 1 st group served as a control. Fish of the 2 nd group were fed Levamisole incorporated with diet (150mg/kg diet fed-1) for 2 months. The 3 rd and 4 th groups were vaccinated using Aeromonas hydrophila bacterin, at the first day of experiment, but fish of 4 th group were fed on diet containing same dose of levamisole throughout the 2 months of experiment. At 1 st , 3 rd and 5 th week, blood samples were collected from all groups for hematological, immunological and serum biochemistry studies while fish of 2 nd group were subjected to histopathological investigations. Challenge was done to all groups, at 30 th day of experiment, through immersion of fish in virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (1 g bacterial cells/liter) for 10 min, the mortalities recorded and the dead fish used for the bacterial re-isolation. Catfish of 1 st group showed normal values throughout the period of the experiment. Fish of 2 nd group showed activation of melanomacrophages. Hyperplasia of hematopoietic tissue was evident at 3 rd-4 th week. Degenerative changes were mild at 1 st-2 nd week and became prominent at 5 th week. Fish of 3 rd group showed a significant gradual increase of leucocytes, phagocytosis, antibody titer, total protein and globulin, at 1 st-5 th week post-vaccination. Fish of 4 th group showed higher hematological and immunological values than those of 3 rd group. The relative level of protection after the challenge infection was 30, 85 and 90% for the 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th groups; respectively. The histopathological finding of this experiment showed the safety of the selected dose of levamisole on catfish. The other findings indicate its efficiency as immunostimulant in improving the immune response of catfish to Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine.

The effect of Levamisole on the immune response of 200 catfish (Clarias gariepenus) was evaluated. Fish were divided into 4 equal groups, reared in a glass aquaria and fed on a basal diet. The 1 st group served as a control. Fish of the 2 nd group was incorporating Levamisole (150mg/kg diet fed-1) for 2 months. The 3 rd and 4 th groups was vaccinated using Aeromonas hydrophila bacterin, at the first day of experiment, but fish of 4 th group was fed on diet containing same dose of levamisole throughout the 2 months of experiment. At 1 st , 3rd and 5 th week, blood samples were collected from all groups for hematological, immunological and serum biochemistry studies while fish of 2 nd group were subjected to histopathology. Challenge was done to all groups, at thirty day of experiment, through immersion of fish in virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (1g bacterial cells/liter) for 10min, the mortalities recorded and the dead fish used for the bacterial re-isolation. Catfish of 1 st group showed normal values throughout the period of the experiment. Fish of 2 nd group showed activation of melanomacrophages. Hyperplasia of hematopoietic tissue was evident at 3 rd -4 th week. Degenerative changes were mild at 1 st -2 nd week and become prominent at 5 th week. Fish of 3 rd group showed a significant gradual increase of leucocytes, phgocytosis, antibody titer, total protein and globulin, at 1 st -5 th week post-vaccination. Fish of 4 th group showed higher hematological and immunological values than those of 3 rd group. The relative level of protection after the challenge infection was 30, 85 and 90% for the 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th groups; respectively. The histopathological finding of this experiment showed the safety of the selected dose of levamesol on catfish. The other findings indicate its efficiency as immunostimulant in improving the immune response of catfish to Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine.

No abstract

Day-old male broiler chicks totaling 480 were randomized in to eight diets with 24% crude protein and either 0.3, 5.0. 10.0, or 15.0% NaCl and 0, 5.0, 10.0 or 15.0% palm oil. The high levels of dietary oil improved the growth rate of the birds with a preferential development of the thigh and breast which probably accounted for an apparent better conformation and finish of the birds. levels of salt of 5% and above exerted opposite effects to the high dietary fat and appeared toxic. Flavor and the overall acceptability of meat of the chickens benefited from high levels of palm oil but not of salt in the diet. A high-water intake induced by high levels of salt was responsible for high moisture content of the litter.