The most common acute hyperglycemic emergency is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is one of the leading causes of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) related deaths in people aged 30 and under. In this meta-analysis, the Overall use of IV insulin in patients with mild/moderate vs. severe diabetic ketoacidosis was compared in randomized controlled trial articles from January 2011 to December 2021 using EMBASE, Medline, and CENTRAL. Only 8 of 3258 studies met the inclusion criteria. This review shows that intravenous insulin can significantly decrease plasma glucose and potassium levels in mild/moderate cases and severe cases. However, it can decrease the resolution time of acidosis more quickly in mild/moderate cases than in severe cases. In the current meta-analysis, the use of IV insulin is secure and efficient. There was no discernible difference in the effectiveness of IV insulin between mild/moderate and severe DKA.

Introduction:The appearance of swelling may be temporary in certain circumstances, but it may also be an indication of danger in others. There is evidence that a regular self-exam can successfully detect testicular issues in their early stages, including testicular cancer. Testicular self-examination is therefore advised. Aims: Measuring the prevalence of testicular swelling in males in Saudi Arabia, the awareness knowledge of the adults toward the practice of testicular self-examination and investigating the role of social and demographic factors in their level of awareness and knowledge. Methodology: From August 2021 to March 2022, 3,500 adult participants from all regions of Saudi Arabia, between the ages of 18 and 50 participated in a cross sectional survey. Results: Most of the participants had limited knowledge and compared to the other participants, most of them belonged to the age group (18 to 25 years old), unmarried, bachelor's degree holders and residents of Mecca. In terms of the frequency of testicular swelling in men, 668 individuals reported having it and 191 people detected it through self-examination of the testicles. Conclusion: Shedding light on launching educational initiatives on testicular self-examination and its significance and boosting people's selfefficacy, particularly fathers.

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Background: The prevalence of cigarette smoking is a significant public health challenge in Saudi Arabia, as it is a known risk factor for many health problems. Hearing problems are also a major concern, as they are invisible disabilities that can negatively impact an individual's perception, communication, and social interactions. Studies have identified various risk factors for hearing loss, including genetics, diseases, infection, exposure to noise, and demographic factors such as age and gender. Smoking has been found to be associated with hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo, but the results of studies investigating this association have been inconsistent. It is crucial to understand the impact of smoking on hearing problems and tinnitus in the Saudi Arabian population to protect individual and societal health.Aim: We aim to investigate whether smoking is related to tinnitus, hearing loss, or other hearing difficulties.Methods: A cross-sectional study was established from March to August 2022 among adults in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to determine whether smoking can affect hearing.Results: It has been observed that smokers experience hearing issues or trouble hearing more frequently than non-smokers. Additionally, as the number of cigarette smoking grows or as smoking persists for longer periods of time, there is a rise in hearing problems/hearing difficulty. In contrast, there is no conclusive evidence associating smoking and tinnitus.Conclusion: These results should encourage more investigation into the impact of demographic factors on hearing problems/hearing difficulty, or tinnitus.

Background Smoking is widespread at all ages in Saudi society. In addition, complaints of vertigo are common. A key problem is how smoking affects vertigo and, thus, quality of life. Researchers have investigated the association between smoking and vertigo and found that smoking may be a risk factor for vertigo, but this association is not clear. The current study aims to investigate the association between smoking and vertigo. Materials and methods We conducted a cross-sectional study from March 2022 to January 2023 to investigate the effect of smoking on vertigo in Saudi Arabia’s adult population. Results We found that smokers were more prone to vertigo than non-smokers. In addition, the severity of vertigo increases as the number of cigarettes smoked or the length of time in years that the person has smoked increases. Conclusion The findings of the study should inspire more research into the impact of demographic factors on vertigo among smokers.