Choosing composite resins, based on optical properties alone, in order to mimic the properties of natural tooth structures, does not necessarily provide a satisfactory esthetic outcome. In many instances, failure ensues from incorrect analysis of the optical behaviors of the natural dentition as well as the improper use of restorative materials. Therefore, it is necessary to implement a technique that enables a restorative material to be utilized to its full potential to correctly replicate the natural teeth.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) produced by some bacteria, among them Gluconacetobacter xylinum, which secrets an abundant 3D networks fibrils, represents an interesting emerging biocompatible nanomaterial. Since its discovery BC has shown tremendous potential in a wide range of biomedical applications, such as artificial skin, artificial blood vessels and microvessels, wound dressing, among others. BC can be easily manipulated to improve its properties and/or functionalities resulting in several BC based nanocomposites. As example BC/collagen, BC/gelatin, BC/Fibroin, BC/Chitosan, etc. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss about the applicability in biomedicine by demonstrating a variety of forms of this biopolymer highlighting in detail some qualities of bacterial cellulose. Therefore, various biomedical applications ranging from implants and scaffolds, carriers for drug delivery, wound-dressing materials, etc. that were reported until date will be presented.

We have compiled available records in the literature for medusozoan cnidarians and ctenophores of South America. New records of species are also included. Each entry (i.e., identified species or still as yet not determined species referred to as "sp." in the literature) includes a synonymy list for South America, taxonomical remarks, notes on habit, and information on geographical occurrence. We have listed 800 unique determined species, in 958 morphotype entries: 5 cubozoans, 905 hydrozoans, 25 scyphozoans, 3 staurozoans, and 20 ctenophores. Concerning nomenclatural and taxonomical decisions, two authors of this census (Miranda, T.P. & Marques, A.C.) propose Podocoryna quitus as a nomen novum for the junior homonym Hydractinia reticulata (Fraser, 1938a); Euphysa monotentaculata Zamponi, 1983b as a new junior synonym of Euphysa aurata Forbes, 1848; and Plumularia spiralis Milstein, 1976 as a new junior synonym of Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758). Finally, we also reassign Plumularia oligopyxis Kirchenpauer, 1876 as Kirchenpaueria oligopyxis (Kirchenpauer, 1876) and Sertularella margaritacea Allman, 1885 as Symplectoscyphus margaritaceus (Allman, 1885).

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The bleaching agent with the lower concentration (HP15) promoted lower levels of tooth sensitivity and presented greater efficacy compared to the control (HP35) in patients between 18 and 25 yr old. The limitation of short-term evaluation did not provide information about the longevity of the tooth bleaching (Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry Re Bec no. U1111-1150-4466).