Hops (Humulus lupulus L) have very stringent requirements of diurnal light hours during flowering. Thus, the beer industry is permanently assessing new agricultural land to grow hops, southern Chile being an excellent candidate for their introduction. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction procedures were implemented to assess Chilean hop ecotypes. Based on results of a preliminary study with commercial samples (cv Nugget), 200 bar and 40 • C were selected as extraction conditions. Very limited increases in extraction rate were observed when applying pressures >200 bar; such pressures did not speed up the extraction of α-acids (bitter flavor principles), but rather increased the co-extraction of undesirable compounds (hard resins and chlorophyll pigments). On the other hand, the effects of retrograde condensation phenomena were just starting to subside at 200 bar, and thermal damage of samples could increase at >40 • C. Ground cone samples of five local hop ecotypes, originating from Osorno, La Junta, Coyhaique and Elizalde Lake, were subsequently tested. Osorno exhibited a higher yield (65 g kg −1 oleoresin/substrate) than other Chilean ecotypes. Moreover, Osorno extract had a light yellowish color, as well as a higher content of bitter flavors (157 g kg −1 α-acid/extract) and 1.5-7.1 times more representative aroma compounds than extracts of the other ecotypes. However, all these indicators were very low compared with the commercial Nugget sample (134 g kg −1 oleoresin/substrate, 383 g kg −1 α-acid/extract, 14 times more aroma compounds than Osorno ecotype).

Species in the Brassicaceae family, hence forth brassicas, such as forage kale [Brassica. oleracea L. convar acephala (DC)], swede (B. napus L. var. napobrassica), turnip [Brassica rapa L. var. rapa (L.) Thell], and hybrids (B. rapa L. × B. pekinensis L. or B. rapa L. × B. oleracea L.), have become an important source of forage for grazing worldwide. One of the limitations of forage brassicas is the relatively higher water content and low forage yield in rain-fed environments. The objective of this study was to determine swede and kale forage yield and nutritive value response to various nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization rates. The study was conducted at two experimental field sites in North Dakota in 2012 and 2014. Kale cv. Maris Kestrel and swede cv. Major Plus and five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) and two rates of S (0 and 40 kg S ha−1) were evaluated. Swede total forage yield was greater than kale across all nitrogen and sulfur rates. Compared with no N fertilization, N fertilization increased total leaf and root/stems yield and nitrogen accumulation in leaves, roots, and stems. Sulfur did not affect forage yield. Forage nutritive value was greater in swede than kale due to a higher proportion of edible root compared with kale’s higher proportion of fibrous stems. Nitrogen and sulfur interacted with some forage nutritive components. This study results suggest that growers will benefit from greater forage yield in kale and swede if they fertilize with N up to 200 kg N ha−1. Forage yield and nutritive value of swede and kale in the northern Great Plains are novel results, since these crops are not grown for forage and represent an interesting and valuable new alternative for beef cattle growers.

No abstract

Durante cuatro temporadas, entre los años 2004 a 2008, se estudió el comportamiento de la productividad animal, con bovinos, bajo dos esquemas de manejo silvopastoral; con distribución homogénea de los árboles y con fajas alternadas, en relación a un sistema ganadero sin árboles, en la región de Aysén, Chile. Los resultados obtenidos, indican que no se presentaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos en relación a la producción animal, durante las cuatro temporadas evaluadas, aunque con una leve superioridad en la productividad total a favor del tratamiento silvopastoral en fajas alternadas