Two new cave-dwelling Prionoglarididae from Venezuela and Namibia (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Trogiomorpha). -The new genus Speleopsocus Lienhard gen. n. is described for a strongly cave-adapted (troglobite) new species from Venezuela, Speleopsocus chimanta Lienhard sp. n. This is the first New World représentative of the subfamily Prionoglaridinae. A spécial structure on the foretarsus of this species is described and interpreted as an antenna cleaner. The new species Sensitibilla etosha Lienhard & Holusa sp. n., belonging to the subfamily Speleketorinae, is described from a cave in Namibia. This is the fourth species known of this genus which is endémie to southern Africa.

Abies alba occurs in the co-dominant level (sporadically in the level exceeding the main level) with the representation of ±20% and the height of up to 50 m. Quercus petraea and Quercus robur occur only as an interspersed species with the representation of up to 10%, they do not reach the co-dominant tree level any more. Carpinus betulus is represented regularly only in the overtopped tree level.

At the beginning of this century, particularly after 2003, decline of Picea abies occurred at Forest District Jablunkov in the Silesian Beskids. This decline is of the complex character disease caused by the synergetic effects of abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors. Under conditions of climatic changes, it is possible to expect that similar episodes will repeat and appear also in other regions. Forestry will have to respond to them by changes in forest management. Measures proposed and discussed in this paper can be a starting point in their basic principles for other similar regions. Fundamental spheres of possible measures are as follows: chemical adaptations of the soil environment, i.e. liming or fertilization (if to realise them or not), changes in the species composition (particularly the rate of the decrease of Picea abies, participation of Fagus sylvatica and increasing the diversity of tree species), modification of the rotation (decrease) and regeneration period (increase).

The larva of Cordulegaster vanbrinkae Lohmann, 1993 is described and illustrated based on fourteen final instar larvae and 49 exuviae that were collected in Gīlān, Māzandarān and Golestān provinces in northern Iran in July 2014, July 2017 and August 2018. Larvae of Cordulegaster vanbrinkae show signs of lateral spine on 8th segment missing, ratio of lateral spine on 9th segment/9th segment is 0.03–0.15 and 5 (rarely 6) long praemental setae. The characters have a clear variability and there is a noticeable overlap of character values with related species - Cordulegaste picta and Cordulegaster heros. Emergence habitat are described and analysed.

Psocid taxocenoses (Psocoptera) were studied in forest ecosystems of the Western Carpathian Mts. during [1997][1998][1999][2000][2001]. As a study frame were used altitudinal vegetation zones (according to Plíva 1971Plíva , 1991