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Aims There has not been any comprehensive analysis of the challenges faced by female surgeons in Africa on a continental scale. These challenges, when brought to the forefront, can be tackled by the necessary stakeholders to increase the participation of women in surgery. This article will review the existing literature, across the African continent, to highlight the challenges experienced by female surgeons. Methods We conducted a search using keywords ‘Challenges' ‘Female’ ‘Surgeon’ ‘Africa’ and ‘Bias' on PubMed, Google Scholar, and AJOL from inception till 21st of January 2022. We then searched these keywords on Google in addition to the names of each of the individual countries. 10 papers satisfied the eligibility criteria by discussing the specific challenges that female surgeons faced in practice. Results There was a paucity of data from most of the individual African countries, highlighting the need for more research in this aspect. Out of the 10 published papers that were eligible, problems with work-life balance was the most common challenge with underrepresentation being second. Harassment, insufficient support, disrespect from colleagues, exclusion from activities, and stereotypes were also part of the challenges identified. Conclusion Despite the increasing participation, female surgeons continue to face different challenges ranging from the unfavorable work environment to the pressures put on them by society. This narrative review serves as a stimulant for major health stakeholders in Global surgery to promote gender inclusivity in the African surgical workforce; a feat that will ultimately benefit the people who need access to quality surgical care.

Background There are many challenges faced by female surgeons in Africa. These challenges, when brought to the forefront, can be tackled by the necessary stakeholders to increase the participation of women in surgery. This paper will review the existing literature, across the African continent, to bring to light the challenges experienced by women currently practicing as surgeons. Methods We conducted a search using keywords 'Challenges' 'Female' 'Surgeon' 'Africa' and 'Bias' on PubMed, Google Scholar, and AJOL from inception till the 21st of January 2022. We then searched the same keywords on the Google search engine in addition to the names of each of the 54 African countries. Results We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) in conducting this systematic review. Out of the 10 published papers that were deemed eligible, four (n = 4) originated from South Africa. Other countries that were represented include Nigeria, Rwanda, Zimbabwe and Ghana. 8 of the articles were cross-sectional studies. Underrepresentation was the most common challenge (n = 4 articles). Disrespect from colleagues, poor work-life balance, harassment, and stereotypes were also challenges identified in these articles. Conclusion Despite the increasing participation, female surgeons continue to face different challenges ranging from the unfavorable work environment to the pressures put on them by society. This narrative review serves as a stimulant for major health stakeholders in Global surgery to promote gender inclusivity in the African surgical workforce.