Management of broomrape (Orobanche crenata Fosk.) that causes important damages on lentil production becomes a veritable concern in the Mediterranean region. Eighty lentil accessions were evaluated for resistance to O. crenata under field and controlled conditions. Both genotypes ILL6415 and ILL7723 expressed the highest resistance level under field and pot experiment with low Orobanche infestation and relatively high seed yield (50.1 g m −2 ). Such resistance was associated with physiological and biochemical changes in metabolites profiling. In total, 109 and 115 metabolites were identified in the lipophilic phase of both ILL6415 and ILL7723, respectively, against only 92 metabolites recorded for susceptible check Zaaria. Significant differences were observed in metabolite concentrations (fatty acids, sterols alkanes) between roots and shoots of susceptible and resistant infested plants. Accumulation of α-linolenic acid and arachidic acid was more pronounced in the resistant genotypes ILL6415, ILL7723 which could be associated with resistance pathways involved in the resistance to O. crenata.

a Biodiversity and crop improvement Program (BicP), international centre for agricultural research in the Dry areas (icarDa), rabat, morocco; b team of anthropogenetics and Biotechnologies, faculty of Sciences, chouaib Doukkali university, el-Jadida, morocco; c food Sciences laboratory, Department of Biology, faculty of Sciences Semlalia, cadi ayyad university, marrakech, morocco; d Dipartimento di agricoltura, alimentazione e ambiente, university of catania, catania, italy; e african integrated Plant and Soil research group (aiPlaS), agroBioSciences, mohammed Vi Polytechnic university, Ben guerir, morocco; f microbiology, health and environment research team,

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Breeding programs in developing countries still cannot afford the new genotyping technologies, hindering their research. We aimed to assemble an Association Mapping panel to serve as CGIAR Barley Breeding Toolbox (CBBT), especially for the Developing World. The germplasm had to be representative of the one grown in the Developing World; with high genetic variability and be of public domain. For it, we genotyped with the Infinium iSelect 50K chip, a Global Barley Panel (GBP) of 530 genotypes representing a wide range of row-types, end-uses, growth habits, geographical origins and environments. 40,342 markers were polymorphic with an average polymorphism information content of 0.35 and 66% of them exceeding 0.25. The analysis of the population structure identified 8 subpopulations mostly linked to geographical origin, four of them with significant ICARDA origin. The 16 allele combinations at 4 major flowering genes (HvVRN-H3, HvPPD-H1, HvVRN-H1 and HvCEN) explained 11.07% genetic variation and were linked to the geographic origins of the lines. ICARDA material showed the widest diversity as revealed by the highest number of polymorphic loci (99.76% of all polymorphic SNPs in GBP), number of private alleles and the fact that ICARDA lines were present in all 8 subpopulations and carried all 16 allelic combinations. Due to their genetic diversity and their representativity of the germplasm adapted to the Developing World, ICARDA-derived lines and cultivated landraces were pre-selected to form the CBBT. Using the Mean of Transformed Kinships method, we assembled a panel capturing most of the allelic diversity in the GBP. The CBBT (N=250) preserves good balance between row-types and good representation of both phenology allelic combinations and subpopulations of the GBP. The CBBT and its genotypic data is available to researchers worldwide as a collaborative tool to underpin the genetic mechanisms of traits of interest for barley cultivation.