<p class="PaperAbstract"><span lang="EN-US">On the basis of selected thermodynamic data, the standard electrode potentials of pos­sible half reactions in the Ru-H₂O and Ru-Cl^--H₂O systems have been calculated. Using the thermodynamic approach developed by the authors, the potential - pH and potential - pCl diagrams for the considered system have been built.</span></p>

<p><span lang="EN-US">The forms of occurrence of vanadium metal are determined by the major chemical reactions in the aquatic environment such as hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, and precipitation. Depending on pH, potential and total concentration of inorganic ions and organic ligands, vanadium compounds may undergo various transformations to produce a whole range of chemical forms in aqueous systems. In this paper, a novel approach has been applied for calculating potential</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span lang="EN-US">pH (Pourbaix) diagrams, based on the developed thermodynamic analysis of chemical equilibria in the V–H₂O system. On the basis of currently revised thermodynamic data for V(III), V(IV) and V(V) hydrolysis and original thermodynamic and graphical approach used, the repartition of their soluble and insoluble chemical species has been investigated. By means of ΔG–pH diagrams, the areas of thermodynamic stability of V(IV) and V(V) hydroxides have been established for a number of analytical concentrations of vanadium in heterogeneous mixtures. The obtained results, based on the thermodynamic analysis and graphic design of calculated data, are in good agreement with available experimental data.</span></p>

<p class="PaperKeywordTitle"><span lang="EN-US">On the basis of the selected thermodynamic data for Ru(III) and Ru(IV) compounds in addition to original thermodynamic and graphical approach used in this paper, the thermodynamic stability areas of sparingly soluble hydroxides as well as the repartition of their soluble and insoluble chemical species towards the solution pH and initial concentrations of ruthenium in heterogeneous mixture solid phase–saturated solution have been investigated. By means of the Δ<em>G</em>–pH diagrams, the areas of thermodynamic stability of Ru(III) and Ru(IV) hydroxides have been established for a number of analytical concentrations in heterogeneous mixtures. The diagrams of heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical equilibria have been used for graphical representation of complex equilibria in aqueous solutions containing Ru(III) and Ru(IV). The obtained results, based on the thermodynamic analysis and graphic design of the calculated data in the form of the diagrams of heterogeneous chemical equilibria, are in good agre­ement with the available experimental data. </span></p>