The local refining of crude oil has become a lucrative but disturbing business in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Deep inside the forest of the Niger Delta camps are built and used for the local refining of crude oil. The economic benefits this brings to the refiners are clear, however the host communities are severely hit by the activities of the 'local crude oil refiners'. Farmlands have been destroyed and fishing settlements evacuated as a result of pollution of the rivers and estuaries, with loss of lives and properties. This research investigates the impact of the activities of the local refiners on their host communities' farmlands, rivers and estuaries. A quantitative research method was adopted in this study through the administration of questionnaires to local stakeholders (chiefs, the youth, farmers, traders, fishermen/fisherwomen and residents of affected communities). Quantitative data was collected from three communities in the Niger Delta with local refineries and the data was analysed using descriptive and inferential (Chi Square and Correlation) methods. The study demonstrates the high impact of the activities of the refiners on farmlands and fishing areas of the host communities and makes recommendations to all stakeholders in the upstream and downstream sectors of the petroleum industry. In addition, recommendations are made to the Nigerian government, on ways to address the impact of local refining on host communities.

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The recall of vehicles in the automobile industry is not limited to any particular company. Recalls most often have been attributed to defective parts supplied by tier one and tier two suppliers. Toyota, a world leader in the manufacture of automobiles, built on world class corporate brand and Principles known as the Toyota Way, and located in about 53 countries in the world, with most of its production taking place in the North America and Japan. Its Communication strategy leading to recalls has brought it into conflict with its customers and regulatory agencies. Toyota's seeming departure from its core principles in the Toyota Way has also brought it into conflict with suppliers and affected its production. Answers will be sought for the following research questions: 1) Why with its Toyota Way, Communication became a challenge for Toyota? 2) What is the role of the Media, in Toyota's issues of recall? A detailed literature survey was conducted for Toyota's communication strategy. A dialectic inquiry was used to analyse the acquired data, from interviews conducted.