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Yeşilırmak River is one of the most important running waters of Turkey, but the water quality of this river has been affected by agricultural and domestic pollution. Dams and hydroelectric power plants also threaten the habitat quality and biodiversity of the river. This research contains investigation of Diptera fauna in Yeşilırmak River and tributaries, determination ecological characteristics of the collecting sites according to System A and System B Classification of Water Framework Directive (WFD), assessment of water quality of the studied sites by measuring the physicochemical variables (water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, NO2-N, NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P) and using some metrics (abundance, number of taxa, Simpson Diversity Index, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, Margalef Diversity Index, Evenness). Thirty-three (33) sites were sampled from Yeşilırmak River and its tributaries in June 2010. Diptera individuals were detected in 20 of them. Two thousand four hundred forty-five (2445) individuals belonging to 12 families and 16 taxa were identified in 20 sampling sites. The water quality classes of the studied sites were Class III (moderate pollution) and Class IV (heavily pollution) according to values of physicochemical variables.

This study was carried out in July 2016 in Camili (Macahel) which is Turkey's first and only biosphere reserve area. This study aimed to investigate the Simuliidae species of some streams in Camili Valley, to identify the "reference site" which are important for the Water Framework Directive (WFD), to determine ecological characteristics of the studied sites according to System A and System B Classification of Water Framework Directive (WFD), to explore the relationship between the recorded species and some environmental variables of streams by using CCA technique. For this purpose, 257 individuals of Simuliidae were sampled from nine studied sites. Physicochemical variables (dissolved oxygen, pH, water temperature, electrical conductivity, velocity) were measured at each studied site. In Camili Valley the following species were collected: Simulium (Nevermannia) angustitarse, Simulium (Nevermannia) cryophilum, Simulium (Nevermannia) vernum, Simulium (Simulium) bezzii, Simulium (Simulium) tuberosum, Simulium (Simulium) variegatum. Because anthropogenic stresses were insignificant in the research area, studied sites and Simuliidae fauna of the area were not affected negatively. Also, six of the studied sites have reference habitat conditions.

The Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey is located in the Caucasus Ecoregion and is one of the richest regions of the world in terms of biodiversity. Black flies are an important part of the biodiversity of running waters in the region. To determine the Simuliidae fauna of this region and understand the relationships between species distribution and environmental variables, 41 sites, mostly unpolluted or slightly polluted, were sampled in July 2008 and June 2009. A total of 3309 simulids and 20 species were identified. The most frequent and the most abundant species were Simulium variegatum Meigen, 1818, Simulium bezzii Corti, 1914, and Simulium trifasciatum Curtis, 1839. Simulium costatum Friedrichs, 1920, Simulium argenteostriatum Strobl, 1898, Simulium angustipes Edwards, 1915, Simulium balcanicum Enderlein, 1924, and Simulium pseudequinum Seguy, 1921 were positively correlated with NO2–N, water temperature, and pH but negatively correlated with PO4–P and dissolved oxygen. Simulium argyreatum Meigen, 1838, S. variegatum, and S. trifasciatum were positively correlated with dissolved oxygen. Simulium ornatum Meigen, 1818 was negatively correlated with pH. Prosimulium tomosvaryi Enderlein, 1921, Simulium cryophilum Rubtsov, 1959, Simulium vernum Macquart, 1826, and Simulium hispaniola Grenier and Bertrand, 1954 were negatively correlated with electrical conductivity. The results indicate that black flies, like other benthic macroinvertebrates, also respond to changes in environmental conditions with changes in composition and distribution. We hope that our research will contribute to biomonitoring studies in the future.