Cadmium(Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal that is highly toxic even at very low concentrations. Although Cd is a non-essential trace metal, when reached to high levels in agricultural soils, it can be easily absorbed by plants. Cadmium accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its subsequent transfer to food chain is an important problem worldwide. Bentonite is a material essentially composed by montmorillonite and related clay minerals of the smectite group. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bentonite (0, 3, 6 and 12%) application on Cd uptake of bread wheat growing in high Cd (0, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil) application. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions acid soil. The experiment was conducted randomized block design with three replicates. The results revealed that shoot dry weight of bread was significantly increased with increasing doses of bentonite applications. While the dry weight of shoot without bentonite application was 480 mg/plant, it increased approximately 2 fold with 12% bentonite application. Cadmium concentration with the bentonite of control application decreased 4 times from 20.74 ppm to 5.07 ppm with application of 12% bentonite. The results show that Cd toxicity in the shoot was alleviated by bentonite treatment.

This is not a clear effect of boron fertilizers on fruit yield and hazelnut quality. However, soil boron deficiency is a common nutrient problem for hazelnut growth. In this study, the effect of boron fertilizations of foliar and soil was investigated on the quality of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) in two provinces in Turkey between 2013 and 2014. The experimental trials were carried out in soil application (0.0, 3.0 and 6.0 g per Ocak) and foliar spraying (0 and 300 mg B L-1). Results show that compared with the control, soil and foliar application of boron increased hazelnut yield and quality. Due to the two-year average, the highest yield of the hazelnut in Samsun-Çarşamba was obtained from the application and dose of S1. A 36.70% increase in hazelnut yield was achieved by applying B (3g Ocak-1) from the soil in comparison with the control application. It was a 20 % increase in Ordu-Ulubey district. The highest kernel ratio of hazelnut was obtained from F1S2 applications for the two districts. Increases were observed at Samsun-Çarşamba (10%) and Ordu-ulubey (7%). Results showed that there was also a positive association between the B leaf concentration and hazelnut yield and kernel ratio and no significant differences between foliar and soil applications on hazelnut quality. As a result of this study, and with increasing yield, foliar applications of B are an effective method of supplying sufficient B for the flowers. In addition, B leaf applications are more appropriate than soil B application.

Özet Amaç: Bu araştırmada, Cd (0, 5 ve 10 mg Cd kg-1 toprak) ve gidya (%0, %2, %4 ve %8 toprak) uygulamaları altında yetiştirilen ekmeklik (Eser ve Demir) ve makarnalık (Altın ve Kızıltan) buğday çeşitlerinin kuru madde verimi, kadmiyum (Cd) ve mineral besin elementleri (fosfor, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum, demir, bakır, çinko, mangan ) alımı üzerine olan etkilerini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Metot: Sera koşullarında, saksı denemesinde iki ekmeklik ve iki makarnalık buğday çeşitleri tesadüf parselleri deneneme desenine göre 3 farklı Cd ve 4 farklı gidya dozları altında yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonunda, Cd ve mineral besin elementleri (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn ve Mn) ölçülmüştür. Araştırma Bulguları: Artan dozlarda gidya uygulamalarının kuru madde üretimi üzerine etkilerinde farklılar olduğu saptanmıştır. Buna göre, gidya’nın %2 uygulamasıyla en yüksek kuru madde verimi elde edilmiş olup kontrole göre %187 oranında artış sağlamıştır. Araştırmada, buğday türlerinin Cd alımlarında önemli farklılıkların olduğu belirlenmiştir. Makarnalık buğday çeşitlerine ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinden daha fazla Cd taşındığı bulunmuştur. Artan dozlarda gidya uygulamalarının buğday türlerine Cd taşınması üzerine etkisi farklı olmuştur. Buna göre, kontrol saksılarıyla kıyaslandığında ekmeklik buğdayların Cd konsantrasyonunu gidya uygulamasına bağlı olarak arttırmasına karşın makarnalık buğdayların Cd konsantrasyonunu azaltmıştır. Gidya uygulamalarına bağlı olarak, buğday türleri arasında besin elementleri taşınımlarında farklılıkların olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinin P, Cu, Zn ve Mn alımları makarnalık buğdaylara göre daha fazla olmasına karşın makarnalık buğday çeşitlerinde de K, Ca, Mg ve Fe besin elementleri ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerine kıyasla daha fazla taşındığı bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Gidya uygulamalarının Cd ile kirli alanlarda makarnalık buğdaylarda Cd taşınımını azaltabileceği ve mineral besin elementlerinin daha fazla taşınmasına etki etmesiyle kullanımı önerilebilir.

Bu araştırma 2018-2019 yıllarında Ordu İli Turnasuyu lokasyonunda ‘Palaz’ fındık çeşidinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada topraktan artan dozlarda çinko sülfat (ZnSO4) gübrelemesinin fındıkta ‘sağlam iç oran ve kusurlu meyve oranlarına (çıtlak meyve, küçük iç, siyah uçlu iç, buruşuk iç, abortif, küflü, çürük ve çift iç) etkisi araştırılmıştır. Birinci yıla kıyasla ikinci yıl bütün uygulamalarda sağlam iç oranlarında artış, kusurlu meyve oranlarında da azalışların meydana geldiği belirlenmiştir. Sağlam meyve oranının en fazla T1 uygulamasında arttığı saptanmıştır. Fındıkta topraktan ZnSO4 gübrelemesinin, kusurlu meyve oranını azaltarak sağlam meyve oranını arttırdığı ve bu nedenle fındık kalitesi üzerine önemli etkisi olduğu yapılan çalışma ile ortaya konmuştur.

In this study, the effect of foliar L-Histidine and Methinonin amino acid applications on grain cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) uptake on durum wheat grown in soil contaminated with Cd was investigated. The research was carried out according to the randomized blocks design as a pot experiment in greenhouse conditions. In the experiment, Cd doses were applied as control (0 mg Cd kg-1) and (3 mg Cd kg-1). L-Histidine and Methionine amino acids were applied 7 times from the leaf after the start of flag leaf formation in wheat at 0.5 mM doses and harvested after the grain maturity was completed. According to the results obtained, the wheat grain dry matter yield in 3 mg Cd kg-1 polluted soil was 44.5 mg grain-1 in the control, while the dry matter weight was increased with the application of L-Histidine and Methionine from the leaves being 48 and 50 mg grain-1, respectively. It was determined that there were differences in grain Cd and Zn concentrations with the application of amino acids from the leaves at the dose of 3 mg kg-1 cadmium. When the grain Cd and Zn intakes were compared with the control, it was found that the grain Cd concentration decreased, and the Zn concentration increased as a result of the application of amino acids. The high amount of Cd in wheat can make it to the human body through the food chain and is known to cause serious health problems after a certain amount of accumulation. As a result of this study, it is seen that L-Histidine and Methionine are effective in reducing Cd in the grain, and these amino acids probably form a complex with Cd, resulting in less transport.