Insects are important representatives of the biodiversity of ecosystems. A majority of the insect species lives in freshwater environments, such as swamps, ponds, lakes, springs, streams and rivers these are called aquatic insects. There are about 8600 species of insects, falling under 12 orders, 150 families, known to inhabit diverse freshwater ecosystems. They play important ecological roles in keeping freshwater ecosystems functioning properly. There are many different kinds of aquatic insects as almost every type of freshwater environment habitat from puddles to river to lakes, including both lentic and lotic habitats, can belong to various species of aquatic insects. Aquatic insects are considered as model organisms in analyzing the structure and function of the freshwater ecosystem because of their high abundance, high birth rate with short generation time, large biomass and rapid colonization of freshwater habitat. The aquatic biodiversity gets affected by several factors such as industrial pollution or anthropogenic activities. Hence, this chapter is discussing about the diversity, habitats, roles, constraints and conservation of aquatic insects.

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Biodiversity is being destroyed by human at a rate unprecedented in history.Since the industrial revolution, human activities have increasingly destroyed and degraded forests, grasslands, wetlands and other important ecosystems, threatening human well-being. About 75% of the earth's ice-free land surface has already been significantly altered, most of the oceans are polluted and more than 85% of the area of wetlands has been lost, the report showed. Average global temperature has increased by 0.74°C in last 100 years, rainfall patterns have changed and the frequency of events also increased. Change in climate has consequences on the biophysical environment such as changes seasons, glacial retreat, decrease in Arctic sea ice extent and a rise in sea level. These changes have impact on biodiversity, in term of phenology, distribution and populations, and ecosystem level in terms of distribution, composition and function. This chapter reviews the information about the importance of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, climate change and its impact on biodiversity and international approaches towards mitigating the effect of climate change.

Habitat loss due to human activities and weather extrade is synergistically posing critical threats to the worldwide biodiversity main to irreversible extinction of diverse species. In wake of recent extinction, numerous forests are declared as protected areas wherein no greater human activities are allowed.However, the scope of these protected regions got broadened from mere conservation to poverty comfort and sustainable improvement within the course of the beyond decades. Though those protected regions appear to be supportive of the biodiversity conservation, numerous disputes and gaps have emerged that want to be addressed for powerful conservation and sustainable control in those protected areas. Although governmental regulations have addressed variety of these contests, handiest constrained achievement has been finished up to now. Therefore, similarly research wants to judge the performance of protected areas for biodiversity conservation and devise the mechanisms for powerful sustainable control of these protected areas.

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