Article (refereed) -postprintTipping, E.; Benham, S.; Boyle, J.F.; Crow, P.; Davies, J.; Fischer, U.; Guyatt, H.; Helliwell, R.; Jackson-Blake, L.; Lawlor, A.J.; Monteith, D.T.; Rowe, E.C.; Toberman, H. 2014. Atmospheric deposition of phosphorus to land and freshwater. Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts, 16 (7). 1608-1617. 10.1039/c3em00641g Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Oceania, and South-Central America. The deposition rates are log-normally distributed, 30 and for the whole data set the geometric mean deposition rates are 0.027, 0.019 and 31 0.14 g m -2 a -1 for TP, FTP and PO 4 -P respectively. At smaller scales there is little 32 systematic spatial variation, except for high deposition rates at some sites in Germany, 33 likely due to local agricultural sources. In cases for which PO 4 -P was determined as well 34 as one of the other forms of P, strong parallels between logarithmic values were found. 35Based on the directly-measured deposition rates to land, and published estimates of P 36 deposition to the oceans, we estimate a total annual transfer of P to and from the 37 atmosphere of 3.7 Tg. However, much of the phosphorus in larger particles (principally 38 primary biological aerosol particles) is probably redeposited near to its origin, so that 39 long-range transport, important for tropical forests, large areas of peatland and the 40 oceans, mainly involves fine dust from deserts and soils, as described by the simulations 41of Mahowald et al. (Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, GB4026, 2008). We suggest that 42 local release to the atmosphere and subsequent deposition bring about a pseudo-43 diffusive redistribution of P in the landscape, with P-poor ecosystems, for example 44 ombrotrophic peatlands and oligotrophic lakes, gaining at the expense of P-rich ones. 45Simple calculations suggest that atmospheric transport could bring about significant local 46 redistribution of P among terrestrial ecosystems.Although most atmospherically 47 transported P is natural in origin, local transfers from fertilised farmland to P-poor 48 ecosystems may be significant, and this requires further research. 49 50

The development of lidar opens a new era in archaeological survey. Working with Forest Research, staff of the Unit for Landscape Modelling here explain the technique, and demonstrate its application to woodland, showing how it can be used to see through the trees. The article by Bewley et al. (pages 636-647 of this volume) shows the technique applied to the Stonehenge landscape.

LiDAR is developing into a formidable instrument of aerial survey. Here the author shows how the LiDAR picture can be enhanced so that features picked up by illumination from different directions can be combined in one comprehensive survey.

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